Reptilia Laurenti, 1768 — Reptiles
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Squamata (part) Oppel, 1811 — Snakes
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Boidae
Gray, 1842 —
Boas
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Charina
Gray, 1849 —
Rubber Boas
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C. bottae
(Blainville, 1835) — Rubber Boa
The subspecific inclusion of C. b. umbratica necessitated the change in English name from "Northern Rubber Boa".
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C. b. bottae
(Blainville, 1835) — Northern Rubber Boa
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C. b. umbratica
Klauber, 1943 — Southern Rubber Boa
Based on morphological data from hundreds of additional specimens, Hoyer et al. (2019, The Southwestern Naturalist 64: 23–30) expanded the geographical distribution of C. umbratica, which was corroborated by Grismer et al. (2022, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 174: 1–17) using a genome-wide SNP dataset. Grismer et al. (op. cit.) found that C. umbratica was morphologically distinct from C. bottae, but recognizing umbratica as a species would make bottae paraphyletic. Additionally, they found that C. umbratica was composed of several distinct lineages occurring in sky islands across southern California. The authors recognized umbratica at least as a subspecies in the interest of having it as a recognized taxon, listed under the Federal Endangered Species Act.
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Lichanura
Cope, 1861 —
Rosy Boas
Wood and Holycross (In Holycross and Mitchell, 2020, Snakes of Arizona. ECO Publishing: 80–81) cite a reanalysis of data first used by Wood et al. (2008, Molecular Phylogenetics. and Evolution. 46: 484–502) in which geographic boundaries are shifted between clades in northern Baja California such that the name L. orcutti would be replaced with L. roseofusca. However, the analysis remains unpublished.
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L. orcutti
Stejneger, 1889 — Northern Rosy Boa
“Northern” was added to the English name to differentiate it from the English name of the genus. The taxonomic authority was corrected by removing the parentheses.
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L. trivirgata
Cope, 1861 — Three-lined Boa
The authority was corrected, and the parentheses were removed.
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Colubridae
Oppel, 1811 —
Harmless Egg-laying Snakes
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Arizona
Kennicott, in Baird, 1859 —
Glossy Snakes
Using genetic data, Myers et al. (2017, Journal of Biogeography 44: 461–474; Myers et al., 2019, Molecular Ecology 28: 4535-4548) and Dahn et al. (2018, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 129: 214–225) confirmed that the eastern and western populations were distinct as predicted by Collins (1991, Herpetological Review 22: 42–43). However, neither study recommended taxonomic changes.
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A. elegans
Kennicott, in Baird, 1859 — Common Glossy Snake
“Common” was added to the English name to differentiate it from the English name of the genus due to an extralimital species (A. pacata Klauber, 1946).
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A. e. arenicola
Dixon, 1960 — Texas Glossy Snake
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A. e. candida
Klauber, 1946 — Mohave Glossy Snake
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A. e. eburnata
Klauber, 1946 — Desert Glossy Snake
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A. e. elegans
Kennicott, in Baird, 1859 — Kansas Glossy Snake
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A. e. noctivaga
Klauber, 1946 — Arizona Glossy Snake
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A. e. occidentalis
Blanchard, 1924 — California Glossy Snake
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A. e. philipi
Klauber, 1946 — Painted Desert Glossy Snake
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Bogertophis
Dowling and Price, 1988 —
Desert Ratsnakes
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B. rosaliae
(Mocquard, 1899) — Baja California Ratsnake
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B. subocularis
(Brown, 1901) — Trans-Pecos Ratsnake
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B. s. subocularis
(Brown, 1901) — Northern Trans-Pecos Ratsnake
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Cemophora
Cope, 1860 —
Scarletsnakes
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C. coccinea
(Blumenbach, 1788) — Common Scarletsnake
“Common” was added to the English name to differentiate it from the English name of the genus.
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C. c. coccinea
(Blumenbach, 1788) — Florida Scarletsnake
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C. c. copei
Jan, 1863 — Northern Scarletsnake
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C. lineri
Williams, Brown, and Wilson, 1966 — Texas Scarletsnake
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Coluber
Linnaeus, 1758 —
North American Racers
Myers et al. (2017, Copeia 2017: 642–650), using combined mtDNA and nDNA data, demonstrated that C. constrictor and Masticophis spp. were sister taxa. Therefore, we recognize Masticophis as a genus. The standard English name was changed to reflect this. Myers et al (2024, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, zlae018) did not find strong support for some of these subspecies but further research is required to clarify species delineations.
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C. constrictor
Linnaeus, 1758 — North American Racer
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C. c. anthicus
(Cope, 1862) — Buttermilk Racer
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C. c. constrictor
Linnaeus, 1758 — Northern Black Racer
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C. c. etheridgei
Wilson, 1970 — Tan Racer
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C. c. flaviventris
Say in James, 1822 — Eastern Yellow-bellied Racer
The date of publication is corrected to 1822 based on Woodman (2010, Archives of Natural History 37: 28–38).
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C. c. foxii
(Baird and Girard, 1853) — Blue Racer
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C. c. helvigularis
Auffenberg, 1955 — Brown-chinned Racer
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C. c. latrunculus
Wilson, 1970 — Black-masked Racer
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C. c. mormon
Baird and Girard, 1852 — Western Yellow-bellied Racer
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C. c. oaxaca
(Jan, 1863) — Mexican Racer
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C. c. paludicola
Auffenberg and Babbitt, 1953 — Everglades Racer
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C. c. priapus
Dunn and Wood, 1939 — Southern Black Racer
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Drymarchon
Fitzinger, 1843 —
Indigo Snakes
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D. couperi
(Holbrook, 1842) — Eastern Indigo Snake
Krysko et al. (2016, Zootaxa 4138: 549–569) described a new taxon, D. kolpobasileus, based on morphological differences of the skull and mtDNA sequence data from D. couperi. Guyer et al. (2019, Zootaxa 4695: 168–174) were unable to confirm head-shape differences between D. kolpobasileus and D. couperi, and Folt et al. (2019, PLoS One 14: e0214439) examined lineage structure using nDNA and found it failed to support conclusions from mtDNA alone. Both the Guyer and Folt studies recommend against recognition of D. kolpobasileus.
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D. melanurus
(Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854) — Central American Indigo Snake
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D. m. erebennus
(Cope, 1860) — Texas Indigo Snake
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Drymobius
Fitzinger, 1843 —
Neotropical Racers
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D. margaritiferus
(Schlegel, 1837) — Speckled Racer
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D. m. margaritiferus
(Schlegel, 1837) — Northern Speckled Racer
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Ficimia
Gray, 1849 —
Eastern Hook-nosed Snakes
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F. streckeri
Taylor, 1931 — Tamaulipan Hook-nosed Snake
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Gyalopion
Cope, 1860 —
Western Hook-nosed Snakes
The date of publication was corrected to 1860 (see Nolan, 1913, Index to the Scientific Contents of the Journal and Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: xii).
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G. canum
Cope, 1860 — Chihuahuan Hook-nosed Snake
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G. quadrangulare
(Günther, 1893 in Salvin and Godman, 1885-1902) — Thornscrub Hook-nosed Snake
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Lampropeltis
Fitzinger, 1843 —
Kingsnakes
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L. alterna
(Brown, 1901) — Gray-banded Kingsnake
Based on morphology and color pattern, Hansen and Salmon (2017, Mesoamerican Herpetology 4: 699–758) assign all U.S. populations to a monotypic L. alterna. Using genome-scale data, Myers et al. (2019, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 131(2019): 211–218) reported three lineages within L. alterna, again with only L. alterna occurring in the U.S.
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L. annulata
Kennicott in Cope, 1860 — Mexican Milksnake
The publication date was corrected to 1860 (see Nolan, 1913, Index to the Scientific Contents of the Journal and Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: xii). This species comprises a Mexican lineage of the former L. triangulum and is of uncertain occurrence in the United States. The morphotype of L. annulata occurs throughout southern Texas, but the identity of those populations was not evaluated by Ruane et al. (2014, Systematic Biology 63: 231–250). Until further detailed evaluation, we retain L. annulata as a species that likely occurs in southern Texas that may hybridize with L. gentilis or may ultimately prove to be part of L. gentilis, as suggested by the limited sampling in Burbrink et al. (2022, Systematic Biology 71: 839–858). See Chambers and Hillis (2020, Systematic Biology 69: 184–193) for alternate views on the validity of this species as distinct from the former L. triangulum (see additional comments under L. gentilis and L. triangulum).
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L. californiae
(Blainville, 1835) — California Kingsnake
See comments under L. getula.
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L. calligaster
(Harlan, 1827) — Prairie Kingsnake
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L. elapsoides
(Holbrook, 1838) — Scarlet Kingsnake
The recognition of L. elapsoides as a species was confirmed in a large multilocus study with many individuals sampled by Ruane et al. (2014, Systematic Biology 63: 231–250) and further evaluated and supported with genomic analyses in Burbrink et al. (2022, Systematic Biology 71: 839–858); see additional comments under L. triangulum.
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L. extenuata
(Brown, 1890) — Short-tailed Kingsnake
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L. floridana
Blanchard, 1919 — Florida Kingsnake
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L. gentilis
(Baird and Girard, 1853) — Western Milksnake
A multilocus molecular study by Ruane et al. (2014, Systematic Biology 63: 231–250) indicated that L. gentilis is distinct from the former L. triangulum. Additional sampling of L. gentilis with detailed examination of gene-flow, in conjunction with ecological niche-modeling analyses by Burbrink et al. (2022, Systematic Biology 71: 839–858), found that L. gentilis hybridizes with L. triangulum and that this occurs primarily where the eastern Nearctic forests transition to the grasslands of the Great Plains but otherwise remains distinct throughout its range. See Chambers and Hillis (2020, Systematic Biology 69: 184–193) and Chambers et al. (2023, Systematic Biology 72: 357–371,) for alternate views on the validity of this species as distinct from the former L. triangulum and see additional comments under L. triangulum. See Burbrink et al. (2024, Ecology and Evolution 14: e70263) for reanalysis and evaluation of Chambers et al. (2023) demonstrating species status.
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L. getula
(Linnaeus, 1766) — Eastern Kingsnake
Using genome-scale data from 51 specimens across their range, Harrington and Burbrink (2022, Journal of Biogeography 50: 341–351) suggested the presence of three lineages in the L. getula complex: L. californiae, L. splendida, and all populations east of the Chihuahuan Desert/Great Plains interface. The paper did not make taxonomic conclusions, but rather determined biogeographic factors influencing lineage formations in a wide-ranging species complex. It is suggested that further sampling and genomic work are needed to determine if L. getula, L. nigra, and L. holbrooki should be collapsed into the single species L. getula.
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L. holbrooki
Stejneger, 1902 — Speckled Kingsnake
See comments under L. getula. The date of publication was corrected to 1860 (see Nolan, 1913, Index to the Scientific Contents of the Journal and Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: xii).
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L. knoblochi
Taylor, 1940 — Madrean Mountain Kingsnake
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L. meansi
Krysko and Judd, 2006 — Apalachicola Kingsnake
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L. multifasciata
(Bocourt, 1886 in Duméril, Mocquard, and Bocourt, 1870-1909) — Coast Mountain Kingsnake
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L. nigra
(Yarrow, 1882) — Eastern Black Kingsnake
See comments under L. getula.
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L. nigrita
Zweifel and Norris, 1955 — Western Black Kingsnake
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L. occipitolineata
Price, 1987 — South Florida Mole Kingsnake
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L. pyromelana
(Cope, 1867) — Arizona Mountain Kingsnake
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L. rhombomaculata
(Holbrook, 1840) — Northern Mole Kingsnake
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L. splendida
(Baird and Girard, 1853) — Desert Kingsnake
See comments under L. getula.
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L. triangulum
(Lacépède, 1789) — Eastern Milksnake
As currently defined, L. triangulum comprises populations of the former subspecies L. t. triangulum, L. t. syspila (part), and L. t. amaura (part). Burbrink et al. (2022, Systematic Biology 71: 839–858) found using genome-scale data with detailed phylogeographic and hybrid-zone analyses, along with ecological niche-modeling analyses, that L. triangulum has a zone of hybridization (6% of the combined range) with L. gentilis that occurs primarily where the eastern Nearctic forests transition to the grasslands of the Great Plains but otherwise remains distinct throughout its range. This work also indicates that both L. triangulum and L. gentilis may hybridize with L. elapsoides specifically in a contact zone in Louisiana but that all three also remain distinct outside of that zone. In contrast, Chambers and Hillis (2020, Systematic Biology 69: 184–193) and Chambers et al. (2023, Systematic Biology 72: 357–371) argue that the hybridization detected between L. triangulum and L. gentilis renders these taxa as synonymous and thus all Nearctic milksnakes, excluding L. elapsoides, should be considered L. triangulum. However, Chambers et al. (op. cit.) also found the same two lineages corresponding to L. gentilis and L. triangulum, with the same area of connection as that inferred by Ruane et al. (2014, Systematic Biology 63: 231-250) and Burbrink et al. (2022, op. cit.). See Burbrink et al. (2024, Ecology and Evolution 14 (10) e70263) for reanalyses and evaluation of Chambers et al. (2023) demonstrating species status.
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L. zonata
(Lockington ex Blainville, 1876) — California Mountain Kingsnake
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Masticophis
Baird and Girard, 1853 —
Whipsnakes
See comment under Coluber.
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M. bilineatus
Jan, 1867 — Sonoran Whipsnake
The date of publication has been corrected. The specific name M. bilineatum was introduced by Jan (1863, Elenco sistematico degli ofidi: vii + 143) as a nomen nudum, and was formally published by Jan (in Jan and Sordelli, 1867, Iconographie generale des ophidiens, volume 2, livraison 22, plate 6).
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M. flagellum
(Shaw, 1802) — Common Coachwhip
Using molecular and morphological data, O’Connell and Smith (2018, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127: 356–366), recognized populations west of the Cochise Filter Barrier as a distinct species, M. piceus. They recognized the named subspecies as evolutionary lineages within each species, though they did not evaluate the subspecies M. f. ruddocki. Myers et al. (2017, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127(2018):356–366) and Myers et al. (2019, Molecular Ecology 28:1–14) also found these two lineages meeting at the Cochise Filter Barrier using mtDNA and genome-scale data. The English name was modified to differentiate this species from the other species called “Coachwhips.”
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M. f. flagellum
(Shaw, 1802) — Eastern Coachwhip
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M. f. lineatulus
Smith, 1941 — Lined Coachwhip
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M. f. testaceus
(Say in James, 1822) — Western Coachwhip
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M. fuliginosus
(Cope, 1895) — Baja California Coachwhip
O’Connell and Smith (2018, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127: 356–366) support recognizing M. fuliginosus as a species.
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M. lateralis
(Hallowell, 1853) — Striped Racer
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M. l. euryxanthus
Riemer, 1954 — Alameda Striped Racer
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M. l. lateralis
(Hallowell, 1853) — California Striped Racer
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M. piceus
(Cope, 1892) — Desert Coachwhip
See comments under M. flagellum. The epithet C. piceum was introduced by Cope (1875, Bulletin of the United States National Museum 1: 1–104) as a nomen nudum. It was formally proposed by Cope (1892, Proceedings of the United States National Museum 14: 589–694), in an issue dated "1891". Crombie (1994, Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service (101): 40), gives the date of Cope’s paper in which the formal description appeared as 28 March 1892.
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M. p. cingulum
Lowe and Woodin, 1954 — Sonoran Coachwhip
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M. p. piceus
(Cope, 1892) — Red Racer
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M. p. ruddocki
Brattstrom and Warren, 1953 — San Joaquin Coachwhip
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M. schotti
Baird and Girard, 1853 — Schott's Whipsnake
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M. s. ruthveni
Ortenburger, 1923 — Ruthven's Whipsnake
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M. s. schotti
Baird and Girard, 1853 — Schott’s Striped Whipsnake
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M. taeniatus
(Hallowell, 1852) — Striped Whipsnake
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M. t. girardi
(Stejneger and Barbour, 1917) — Central Texas Whipsnake
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M. t. taeniatus
(Hallowell, 1852) — Desert Striped Whipsnake
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Opheodrys
Fitzinger, 1843 —
Greensnakes
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O. aestivus
(Linnaeus, 1766) — Northern Rough Greensnake
Rittmeyer et al. (2021, Journal of Herpetology 55: 342–354) used multiple loci to detect three divergent lineages within O. aestivus. They elevate the sister lineage O. carinatus from subspecies to species based on its diagnosability from morphological and genetic data. Another lineage was detected from the Edwards Plateau of central Texas. Due to geographic gaps in sampling and undetermined morphological diagnosis, this central Texas clade was included within a broader concept of O. aestivus.
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O. carinatus
Grobman, 1984 — Florida Rough Greensnake
See comments under O. aestivus.
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O. vernalis
(Harlan, 1827) — Smooth Greensnake
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Oxybelis
Wagler, 1830 —
American Vinesnakes
Taxonomy follows Jadin et al. (2020, Organisms Diversity and Evolution 20: 723–746), who subdivided O. aeneus into six species based on genetic and morphological differences.
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O. microphthalmus
Barbour and Amaral, 1926 — Thornscrub Brown Vinesnake
See comments under Oxybelis.
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Pantherophis
Fitzinger, 1843 —
North American Ratsnakes
Hillis and Wüster (2021, Herpetological Review 52: 51–52) and Burbrink et al. (2020, Evolution 75: 260-277), substituted P. alleghaniensis for P. spiloides, and resurrected P. quadrivittatus).
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P. alleghaniensis
(Holbrook, 1836) — Central Ratsnake
See comment under P. obsoletus.
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P. bairdi
(Yarrow in Cope, 1880) — Baird's Ratsnake
See comment under P. obsoletus.
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P. emoryi
(Baird and Girard, 1853) — Great Plains Ratsnake
See comment under P. guttatus.
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P. e. emoryi
(Baird and Girard, 1853) — Emory’s Ratsnake
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P. e. meahllmorum
(Smith, Chiszar, Staley and Tepedelen, 1994) — South Texas Ratsnake
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P. guttatus
(Linnaeus, 1766) — Red Cornsnake
Using genome-scale data, Myers et al. (2020, Molecular Ecology 29: 797–811) found support for three previously recognized species: P. guttatus, P. slowinskii, and P. emoryi. Subsequently, Marshall et al. (2021, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 162: 1–12) demonstrated support for the same three taxa but also found P. emoryi could further be divided into the subspecies P. e. meahllmorum and P. e. emoryi, and also suggested that P. slowinskii be considered a subspecies of P. emoryi. When subspecies are found to be distinct lineages, they are no different from the rank of species (see Burbrink et al., 2022, Ecology and Evolution 12: 1–17). We note that P. e. slowinskii is sister taxon to the other proposed subspecies of P. emoryi, and that all are distinct evolutionary lineages. In the present case, we at least, recognize P. slowinskii as a species, and recognize that P. emoryi consists of two taxa. See Burbrink et al. (2024, Ecology and Evolution 14: e70263) for reanalysis and evaluation of Marshall et al. (2021) demonstrating species status
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P. obsoletus
(Say in James, 1822) — Western Ratsnake
The date of publication is corrected to 1822 based on Neal (2010, Archives of Natural History 37: 28–38). Using genome-scale data, Burbrink et al. (2020, Evolution 75: 260–277) demonstrated support for continued recognition of P. obsoletus and P. bairdi as a sister species, but that the geographic range of P. spiloides extended further east and therefore overlapped with the locality of the type specimen of P. alleghaniensis at the summit of the Blue Ridge in Virginia (see Hillis and Wüster, 2021, Herpetological Review 52: 51–52 and Burbrink et al., 2021, Herpetological Review 53: 537–547). Thus, the former P. spiloides becomes P. alleghaniensis. The former P. alleghaniensis was then found to occupy the range of the former subspecies P. o. quadrivittatus, along the Southeastern Coast and Florida and thus becomes P. quadrivittatus. Suggestions that the ratsnakes P. obsoletus, P. alleghaniensis, and P. quadrivittatus should be considered subspecies of P. obsoletus (Hillis and Wüster, 2021, op. cit.) renders P. obsoletus paraphyletic with respect to the sister species P. bairdi. This, along with evidence showing that all four taxa are distinct lineages, indicates that they should remain at the species rank (Burbrink et al., 2020, op. cit.).
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P. quadrivittatus
(Holbrook, 1836) — Yellow Ratsnake
See comment under P. obsoletus.
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P. ramspotti
(Crother, White, Savage, Eckstut, Graham and Gardner, 2011) — Western Foxsnake
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P. slowinskii
(Burbrink, 2002) — Slowinski's Cornsnake
See comment under P. guttatus
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P. vulpinus
(Baird and Girard, 1853) — Eastern Foxsnake
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Phyllorhynchus
Stejneger, 1890 —
Leaf-nosed Snakes
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P. browni
Stejneger, 1890 — Saddled Leaf-nosed Snake
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P. decurtatus
(Cope, 1868) — Spotted Leaf-nosed Snake
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Pituophis
Holbrook, 1842 —
Bullsnakes
The English name for the genus is simplified to “Bullsnakes” because it is descriptive for all of the species.
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P. catenifer
(Blainville, 1835) — Gophersnake
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P. c. affinis
Hallowell, 1852 — Sonoran Gophersnake
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P. c. annectens
Baird and Girard, 1853 — San Diego Gophersnake
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P. c. catenifer
(Blainville, 1835) — Pacific Gophersnake
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P. c. deserticola
Stejneger, 1893 — Great Basin Gophersnake
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P. c. pumilus
Klauber, 1946 — Santa Cruz Island Gophersnake
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P. c. sayi
(Schlegel, 1837) — Bullsnake
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P. melanoleucus
(Daudin, 1803) — Eastern Pinesnake
Nikolakis et al. (2021, Zoologica Scripta 51: 133–146) analyzed ultra-conserved elements that showed P. melanoleucus to consist of continuous populations that did not correspond to previously recognized subspecies.
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P. ruthveni
Stull, 1929 — Louisiana Pinesnake
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Rhinocheilus
Baird and Girard, 1853 —
Long-nosed Snakes
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R. lecontei
Baird and Girard, 1853 — Long-nosed Snake
Genetic data coincide with Myers et al. (2019, Molecular Ecology 2019: 1–14) and Dahn et al. (2018, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 129: 214–225) showing two primary lineages on either side of the continental divide. This matches the classic split between the two morphological subspecies that Manier (2004, Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 83: 65–85) examined. However, none of those studies suggested taxonomic changes.
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Salvadora
Baird and Girard, 1853 —
Patch-nosed Snakes
Taxonomy follows Hernández-Jiménez et al. (2021, European Journal of Taxonomy 764: 85–118), who produced a phylogeny of the genus using parsimony analysis of morphological characters. They re-elevate S. deserticola and S. lineata to species. See also Myers et al. (2017, Journal of Biogeography 44: 461–474) and Myers et al. (2019, Molecular Ecology 2019: 1–14).
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S. deserticola
Schmidt, 1940 — Big Bend Patch-nosed Snake
See comment under Salvadora.
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S. grahamiae
Baird and Girard, 1853 — Mountain Patch-nosed Snake
The elevation of S. g. lineata leaves Salvadora grahamiae without subspecies. The standardized English name of the former subspecies S. g. grahamiae “Mountain Patch-nosed Snake” replaces the former species name for S. grahamiae “Eastern Patch-nosed Snake”
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S. hexalepis
(Cope, 1866) — Western Patch-nosed Snake
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S. h. hexalepis
(Cope, 1866) — Desert Patch-nosed Snake
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S. h. mojavensis
Bogert, 1945 — Mohave Patch-nosed Snake
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S. h. virgultea
Bogert, 1935 — Coast Patch-nosed Snake
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S. lineata
Schmidt, 1940 — Texas Patch-nosed Snake
See comments under Salvadora.
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Senticolis
Dowling and Fries, 1987 —
Green Ratsnakes
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S. triaspis
(Cope, 1866) — Green Ratsnake
Roth-Monzón et al. (2021, Ichthyology & Herpetology 109: 1026–1035), using morphometric and DNA data, detected a deep, north-south split in Senticolis populations along Mexico’s transverse volcanic province. However, they did not recommend taxonomic changes. See also Dahn et al. (2018, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 129: 214–225).
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S. t. intermedia
(Boettger, 1883) — Northern Green Ratsnake
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Sonora
Baird and Girard, 1853 —
North American Groundsnakes
Taxonomy follows Cox et al. (2018, Journal of Natural History 52: 945–988). Cox et al. used mt- and nDNA data to produce a phylogeny in which Chilomeniscus and Chionactis are paraphyletic with respect to Sonora. Their phylogeny also recommends modification of species content through resurrection and elevation of several taxa: Sonora cincta, S. episcopa, S. taylori.
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S. annulata
(Baird, 1859) — Tricolor Shovel-nosed Snake
See comments under Sonora.
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S. a. annulata
(Baird, 1859) — Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake
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S. a. klauberi
Stickel, 1941 — Tucson Shovel-nosed Snake
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S. cincta
(Cope, 1861) — Banded Sandsnake
See comments under Sonora.
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S. episcopa
(Kennicott in Baird, 1859) — Great Plains Groundsnake
See comments under Sonora. The authority was corrected to reflect the name first appeared by Kennicott in a work by Baird.
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S. occipitalis
(Hallowell, 1854) — Mohave Shovel-nosed Snake
See comments under Sonora.
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S. palarostris
Klauber, 1937 — Sonoran Shovel-nosed Snake
See comments under Sonora.
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S. p. organica
(Klauber, 1951) — Organ Pipe Shovel-nosed Snake
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S. semiannulata
Baird and Girard, 1853 — Western Groundsnake
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S. taylori
(Boulenger, 1894) — South Texas Groundsnake
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Tantilla
Baird and Girard, 1853 —
Black-headed Snakes
The English name for the genus is simplified to “Black-headed Snakes” because it is descriptive for nearly all of the species.
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T. atriceps
(Günther, 1895 in Salvin and Godman, 1885-1902) — Mexican Black-headed Snake
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T. coronata
Baird and Girard, 1853 — Southeastern Crowned Snake
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T. cucullata
Minton, 1956 — Trans-Pecos Black-headed Snake
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T. gracilis
Baird and Girard, 1853 — Flat-headed Snake
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T. hobartsmithi
Taylor, 1937 — Southwestern Black-headed Snake
The name was changed to “Smith’s Black-headed Snake” starting with the 7th edition (2012). “Southwestern” confers some geographic information about its range, and therefore we are returning to the previous name.
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T. nigriceps
Kennicott, 1860 — Plains Black-headed Snake
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T. oolitica
Telford, 1966 — Rim Rock Crowned Snake
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T. planiceps
(Blainville, 1835) — California Black-headed Snake
The English name was changed from "Western Black-headed Snake" to better relate to its geographic distribution relative to other Tantilla.
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T. relicta
Telford, 1966 — Florida Crowned Snake
Schrey et al. (2015, Journal of Herpetology 49: 415–419), using mtDNA data, found a genetic, north-South split in mid-peninsular populations.
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T. r. neilli
Telford, 1966 — Central Florida Crowned Snake
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T. r. pamlica
Telford, 1966 — Coastal Dunes Crowned Snake
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T. r. relicta
Telford, 1966 — Peninsula Crowned Snake
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T. wilcoxi
Stejneger, 1902 — Chihuahuan Black-headed Snake
Date of publication corrected by Crombie (1994, Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service (101): 1–40).
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T. yaquia
Smith, 1942 — Yaqui Black-headed Snake
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Trimorphodon
Cope, 1861 —
Lyresnakes
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T. lambda
Cope, 1886 — Sonoran Lyresnake
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T. lyrophanes
(Cope, 1860) — California Lyresnake
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T. vilkinsonii
Cope, 1886 — Texas Lyresnake
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Crotalidae
Oppel, 1811 —
Pit Vipers
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Agkistrodon
Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 —
American Moccasins
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A. conanti
Gloyd, 1969 — Florida Cottonmouth
See comments under A. piscivorus.
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A. contortrix
(Linnaeus, 1766) — Eastern Copperhead
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A. laticinctus
Gloyd and Conant, 1934 — Broad-banded Copperhead
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A. piscivorus
(Lacépède, 1789) — Northern Cottonmouth
Strickland et al. (2014, Copeia 2014: 639-649), using AFLP and mtDNA data, confirmed two lineages of ‘Cottonmouths’ (A. piscivorus and A. conanti), but with significant secondary introgression among northern Florida populations.
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Crotalus
Linnaeus, 1758 —
Rattlesnakes
One of the most vexing groups of Crotalus is the C. viridis complex. Davis et al. (2016, PLoS One 11: e0146166) used mtDNA and morphometric data that inferred six species within the C. viridis complex, which we do not completely follow pending further analyses. Taxa within this complex were examined by several authors in Schuett et al. (2016, Rattlesnakes of Arizona, Vol. I, Eco Publishing): Feldner et al.: 45–107 (In Schuett et al., 2016), discuss populations south and west of the Grand Canyon that are unassignable to C. o. abyssus, C. o. lutosus, or to C. cerberus; Davis et al.: 109–177 (In Schuett et al., 2016), relevance, in part, of assigning ‘C. viridis’ to seven species; Feldner et al.: 179–237 (In Schuett et al., 2016), ambiguities in assigning C. o. concolor populations as a cohesive taxon; Davis and Douglas: 289–332 (In Schuett et al., 2016), recognition of C. v. nuntius as a valid subspecies. In addition, Nikolakis et al. (2022, Evolution 76: 2513–2530) evaluated introgression in a hybrid zone between C. oreganus and C. viridis. Each of the preceding studies highlight population structure and/or taxonomy within the C. viridis complex, but do not recommend changes in our recognition of three species of the complex: C. cerberus, C. oreganus, and C. viridis.
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C. adamanteus
Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 — Eastern Diamond-backed Rattlesnake
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C. atrox
Baird and Girard, 1853 — Western Diamond-backed Rattlesnake
Schield et al. (2015, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 83: 213–223) and Myers et al. (2017, Journal of Biogeography 44: 461–474; 2019, Molecular Ecology 28: 4535–4548) found two lineages distributed in the Chihuahuan and Sonoran Deserts hybridizing at the Cochise Filter Barrier.
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C. cerastes
Hallowell, 1854 — Sidewinder
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C. c. cerastes
Hallowell, 1854 — Mohave Desert Sidewinder
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C. c. cercobombus
Savage and Cliff, 1953 — Sonoran Sidewinder
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C. c. laterorepens
Klauber, 1944 — Colorado Desert Sidewinder
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C. cerberus
(Coues, 1875) — Arizona Black Rattlesnake
See annotations under Crotalus. Douglas et al. (2016, Royal Society Open Science 3[160047]: 1–11) found five lineages within C. cerberus using mtDNA data.
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C. horridus
Linnaeus, 1758 — Timber Rattlesnake
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C. lepidus
(Kennicott, 1861) — Rock Rattlesnake
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C. l. klauberi
Gloyd, 1936 — Banded Rock Rattlesnake
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C. l. lepidus
(Kennicott, 1861) — Mottled Rock Rattlesnake
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C. molossus
Baird and Girard, 1853 — Black-tailed Rattlesnake
Muñoz-Mora et al. (2022, Herpetozoa 35:, 141–153) using mtDNA found three lineages that were found that correspond to currently recognized subspecies of C. molossus. The authors suggested that the lineages likely represented species but did not make taxonomic changes pending information from nDNA. See also Myers et al. (2017, Journal of Biogeography 44: 461–474 and Myers et al. (2019, Molecular Ecology 28: 4535–4548).
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C. m. molossus
Baird and Girard, 1853 — Northern Black-tailed Rattlesnake
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C. oreganus
Holbrook, 1840 — Western Rattlesnake
See comments under Crotalus, above.
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C. o. abyssus
Klauber, 1930 — Grand Canyon Rattlesnake
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C. o. concolor
Woodbury, 1929 — Midget Faded Rattlesnake
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C. o. helleri
Meek, 1906 — Southern Pacific Rattlesnake
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C. o. lutosus
Klauber, 1930 — Great Basin Rattlesnake
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C. o. oreganus
Holbrook, 1840 — Northern Pacific Rattlesnake
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C. ornatus
Hallowell, 1854 — Eastern Black-tailed Rattlesnake
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C. pricei
Van Denburgh, 1895 — Twin-spotted Rattlesnake
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C. p. pricei
Van Denburgh, 1895 — Western Twin-spotted Rattlesnake
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C. pyrrhus
(Cope, 1867) — Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake
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C. ruber
Cope, 1892 — Red Diamond Rattlesnake
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C. scutulatus
(Kennicott, 1861) — Mohave Rattlesnake
Schield et al. (2018, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127: 669–681), using thousands of ddRAD loci and mtDNA found four lineages within C. scutulatus, with the deepest node differentiating Mexican Plateau populations + C. s. salvini from those to the north. The northern populations formed two lineages on either side of the Continental Divide; the authors state that current taxonomy does not capture the diversity within C. scutulatus but they do not specifically recommend taxonomic changes. See also Myers et al. (2017, Journal of Biogeography 44: 461–474) and Myers et al. (2019, Molecular Ecology 28: 4535–4548). Note, Myers et al. (2019, op. cit.) did not find structure at the continental divide. Watson et al. (2019, Zootaxa 4683: 129–143) evaluated morphology throughout the geographic range and found that variation was clinal without discrete character change at genetic boundaries. They recommended retention of the two classic subspecies.
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C. s. scutulatus
(Kennicott, 1861) — Northern Mohave Rattlesnake
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C. stephensi
Klauber, 1930 — Panamint Rattlesnake
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C. tigris
Kennicott, in Baird, 1859 — Tiger Rattlesnake
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C. viridis
(Rafinesque, 1818) — Prairie Rattlesnake
See comments under Crotalus.
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C. willardi
Meek, 1906 — Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake
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C. w. obscurus
Harris and Simmons, 1976 — New Mexico Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake
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C. w. willardi
Meek, 1906 — Arizona Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake
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Sistrurus
Garman, 1883 —
Pygmy Rattlesnakes
The English name was simplified to one that characterized all of the species within the genus.
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S. catenatus
(Rafinesque, 1818) — Eastern Massasauga
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S. miliarius
(Linnaeus, 1766) — Pygmy Rattlesnake
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S. m. barbouri
Gloyd, 1935 — Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
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S. m. miliarius
(Linnaeus, 1766) — Carolina Pygmy Rattlesnake
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S. m. streckeri
Gloyd, 1935 — Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
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S. tergeminus
(Say, in James, 1822) — Western Massasauga
Date of publication is corrected to 1822 based on Woodman (2010, Archives of Natural History 37: 28–38).
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S. t. edwardsii
(Baird and Girard, 1853) — Desert Massasauga
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S. t. tergeminus
(Say, in James, 1822) — Prairie Massasauga
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Dipsadidae
Bonaparte, 1838 —
Harmless Rear-Fanged Snakes
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Carphophis
Gervais, in D’Orbigny, 1843 —
North American Wormsnakes
The authority was corrected to reflect that the name was proposed in a work by D'Orbigny.
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C. amoenus
(Say, 1825) — Common Wormsnake
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C. a. amoenus
(Say, 1825) — Eastern Wormsnake
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C. a. helenae
(Kennicott, 1859) — Midwestern Wormsnake
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C. vermis
(Kennicott, 1859) — Western Wormsnake
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Coniophanes
Hallowell, in Cope, 1860 —
Black-striped Snakes
The authority was corrected to reflect that the name was proposed in a paper solely authored by Cope.
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C. imperialis
(Baird and Girard, 1859) — Regal Black-striped Snake
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C. i. imperialis
(Baird and Girard, 1859) — Tamaulipan Black-striped Snake
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Contia
Baird and Girard, 1853 —
Sharp-tailed Snakes
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C. longicauda
Feldman and Hoyer, 2010 — Forest Sharp-tailed Snake
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C. tenuis
(Baird and Girard, 1852) — Common Sharp-tailed Snake
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Diadophis
Baird and Girard, 1853 —
Ring-necked Snakes
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D. punctatus
(Linnaeus, 1766) — Ring-necked Snake
Fontanella et al. (2017, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 444–458) evaluated the contact zone between two of the lineages (D. p. edwardsi North and D. p. edwardsi South). Morphological differences between these two lineages were clinal, whereas mtDNA sequence data were discrete but with zones of secondary contact. Fontanella et al. (2021, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 133: 105-119) used combined morphometric and genomic data for Pacific Coast populations and determined that those populations represented three subspecific taxa. They synonymized D. p. occidentalis and D. p. vandenburghi with D. p. amabilis, and D. p. similis with D. p. modestus. Otherwise, our arrangement follows the traditional subspecies groupings.
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D. p. acricus
Paulson, 1968 — Key Ring-necked Snake
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D. p. amabilis
Baird and Girard, 1853 — Pacific Ring-necked Snake
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D. p. arnyi
Kennicott, 1859 — Prairie Ring-necked Snake
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D. p. edwardsii
(Merrem, 1820) — Northern Ring-necked Snake
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D. p. modestus
Bocourt, 1886 in Duméril, Mocquard, and Bocourt, 1870-1909 — San Bernardino Ring-necked Snake
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D. p. pulchellus
Baird and Girard, 1853 — Coral-bellied Ring-necked Snake
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D. p. punctatus
(Linnaeus, 1766) — Southern Ring-necked Snake
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D. p. regalis
Baird and Girard, 1853 — Regal Ring-necked Snake
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D. p. stictogenys
Cope, 1860 — Mississippi Ring-necked Snake
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Farancia
Gray, 1842 —
North American Mudsnakes
The English name was simplified to one that characterized all of the species within the genus.
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F. abacura
(Holbrook, 1836) — Red-bellied Mudsnake
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|
F. a. abacura
(Holbrook, 1836) — Eastern Mudsnake
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F. a. reinwardtii
Schlegel, 1837 — Western Mudsnake
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F. erytrogramma
(Palisot de Beauvois in Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801) — Rainbow Snake
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|
F. e. erytrogramma
(Palisot de Beauvois in Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801) — Common Rainbow Snake
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F. e. seminola
Neill, 1964 — South Florida Rainbow Snake
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Heterodon
Latreille in Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801 —
North American Hog-nosed Snakes
The authority corrected to note that Latreille named this taxon within a work authored by Sonnini and Latreille.
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H. kennerlyi
Kennicott, 1860 — Mexican Hog-nosed Snake
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H. nasicus
Baird and Girard, 1852 — Western Hog-nosed Snake
Werler and Dixon (2000, Texas Snakes: Identification, Distribution, and Natural History. University of Texas Press, Austin) regarded H. n. gloydi to be an allopatric, diagnosable taxon restricted to the low plains – eastern forest ecotone of east Texas. Smith et al. (2003, Journal of Kansas Herpetology : 17–20) accepted previous conclusions that H. n. gloydi is a synonym of H. n. nasicus, but they were receptive to re-evaluating gloydi as a valid taxon. In this equivocal situation, we choose to retain these subspecies pending genetic evaluation of H. nasicus.
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H. n. gloydi
Edgren, 1952 — Dusty Hog-nosed Snake
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H. n. nasicus
Baird and Girard, 1852 — Plains Hog-nosed Snake
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H. platirhinos
Palisot de Beauvois in Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801 — Eastern Hog-nosed Snake
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H. simus
(Linnaeus, 1766) — Southern Hog-nosed Snake
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Hypsiglena
Cope, 1860 —
North American Nightsnakes
Based on mtDNA data, Myers and Mulcahy (2020, Mitochondrial DNA Part B Resources. 5: 3056–3058) recognized nine named and two unnamed (presumed) species. Three or their named and one of their unnamed species occur in the U.S. The nine named species closely follow the boundaries of taxa formerly recognized as subspecies. The authors continue to recognize subspecies designations within several of the widespread, polymorphic species. See also Myers et al. (2017, Journal of Biogeography 44: 461–474) and Myers et al. (2019, Molecular Ecology 28: 4535–4548).
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H. chlorophaea
Cope, 1860 — Desert Nightsnake
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H. c. chlorophaea
Cope, 1860 — Sonoran Nightsnake
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H. c. deserticola
Tanner, 1944 — Northern Desert Nightsnake
The authority has been corrected, and parentheses have been removed from previous versions of this list.
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H. c. loreala
Tanner, 1944 — Mesa Verde Nightsnake
The authority has been corrected, and parentheses have been removed from previous versions of this list.
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H. jani
(Dugès, 1865) — Chihuahuan Nightsnake
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H. j. texana
Stejneger, 1893 — Texas Nightsnake
The authority has been corrected, and parentheses have been removed from previous versions of this list.
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H. ochrorhyncha
Cope, 1860 — Coast Nightsnake
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H. o. klauberi
Tanner, 1944 — San Diego Nightsnake
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H. o. nuchalata
Tanner, 1943 — California Nightsnake
The authority has been corrected, and parentheses have been removed from previous versions of this list.
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Leptodeira
Fitzinger, 1843 —
Cat-eyed Snakes
Taxonomy follows Barrio-Amorós (2019, Reptiles & Amphibians 26: 1–15).
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L. septentrionalis
(Kennicott, in Baird, 1859) — Northern Cat-eyed Snake
Following the mtDNa-based phylogeny in Daza et al. (2009, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53: 653–657), including the unique color pattern of the taxon, Wallach et al. (2014, Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida) and Barrio-Amorós (2019, Reptiles & Amphibians 26: 1–15) consider L. septentrionalis to be restricted to its former subspecific concept in northeastern Mexico and southern Texas.
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Rhadinaea
Cope, 1863 —
Littersnakes
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|
R. flavilata
(Cope, 1871) — Pine Woods Littersnake
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Elapidae
Boie, 1827 —
Coral Snakes, Cobras, and Kraits
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|
Micruroides
Schmidt, 1928 —
Sonoran Coralsnakes
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|
M. euryxanthus
(Kennicott, 1860) — Sonoran Coralsnake
|
|
M. e. euryxanthus
(Kennicott, 1860) — Arizona Coralsnake
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Micrurus
Wagler, in Spix, 1824 —
American Coralsnakes
The authority corrected to relate that Wagler named the taxon in a work authored by Spix.
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M. fulvius
(Linnaeus, 1766) — Harlequin Coralsnake
|
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M. tener
(Baird and Girard, 1853) — Texas Coralsnake
Streicher et al. (2016, Evolution 70: 1435–1449, recognized no subspecies within M. tener
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Hydrophiidae
Fitzinger, 1843 —
Sea Snakes and Allies
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|
Hydrophis
Latreille in Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801 —
Circum-tropical Seasnakes
The English name was changed to differentiate from the family group name, and there are other sea snake genera. Authority corrected from "Latreille ex Sonnini and Latreille, 1801" in prior editions of this list.
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H. platurus
(Linnaeus, 1766) — Yellow-bellied Seasnake
Bessesen and Galbreath (2017, ZooKeys 686: 109–123) described a localized subspecies of H. platurus in Costa Rica that differs from the nominate race in size, coloration, locality, and habits. The nominate race occurs in the U.S.
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H. p. platurus
(Linnaeus, 1766) — Common Yellow-bellied Sea Snake
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Leptotyphlopidae
Stejneger, 1891 —
Threadsnakes
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Rena
Baird and Girard, 1853 —
North American Threadsnakes
“North American” is added to the English name to differentiate Rena from other Threadsnake genera. Taxonomy follows Flores-Villela et al. (2022, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 93: e933933), who reviewed geographical variation in morphology and modified the taxonomic results of previous studies: R. dissecta is re-synonymized with R. dulcis, and R. segrega is elevated to species. No subspecies are recognized.
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R. dulcis
Baird and Girard, 1853 — Texas Threadsnake
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R. humilis
Baird and Girard, 1853 — Western Threadsnake
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R. segrega
Klauber, 1939 — Trans-Pecos Threadsnake
See comment under Rena.
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Natricidae
Bonaparte, 1838 —
Harmless Egg-Retaining Snakes
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|
Clonophis
Cope, 1889 —
Kirtland's Snakes
|
|
C. kirtlandii
(Kennicott, 1856) — Kirtland's Snake
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|
Liodytes
Cope, 1885 —
Nearctic Swampsnakes
“Nearctic” is added to the English name to differentiate Liodytes from other World snake genera that are called Swampsnakes. Using genome-scale data, Nuñez et al. (2023, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 186: 1-12) found that L. pygaea was sister to L. alleni and L. rigida. They recommended returning L. pygaea to the genus Seminatrix. We retain the classic subspecies –– they have not been addressed in any modern study.
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L. alleni
(Garman, 1874) — Striped Swampsnake
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L. rigida
(Say, 1825) — Glossy Swampsnake
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|
L. r. deltae
(Huheey, 1959) — Delta Swampsnake
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L. r. rigida
(Say, 1825) — Eastern Glossy Swampsnake
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|
L. r. sinicola
(Huheey, 1959) — Gulf Swampsnake
|
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|
Nerodia
Baird and Girard, 1853 —
North American Watersnakes
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|
N. clarkii
(Baird and Girard, 1853) — Saltmarsh Snake
Rautsaw et al. (2021, Molecular Biology and Evolution 38: 745–760) demonstrated reduced gene flow due to isolation by environment between N. clarkii and N. fasciata. While showing that the three subspecies of N. clarkii can be detected using genomic data; the authors also demonstrated significant gene flow among these lineages. The authors suggest that these subspecies may result from isolation by distance, thus questioning the continued recognition of these taxa.
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N. c. clarkii
(Baird and Girard, 1853) — Gulf Saltmarsh Snake
The standardized English name was changed from "Gulf Saltmarsh Watersnake" to better align with the species name.
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N. c. compressicauda
Kennicott, 1860 — Mangrove Saltmarsh Snake
The standardized English name was changed from "Mangrove Saltmarsh Watersnake" to better align with the species name.
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N. c. taeniata
(Cope, 1895) — Atlantic Saltmarsh Snake
The standardized English name was changed from "Atlantic Saltmarsh Watersnake" to better align with the species name.
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N. cyclopion
(Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854) — Mississippi Green Watersnake
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N. erythrogaster
(Forster, 1771) — Plain-bellied Watersnake
Makowsky et al. (2010, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55: 985–995), using mtDNA data, concluded that the studied populations of N. erythrogaster as a whole were “part of a freely interbreeding, widespread species, with the possible exception of” the eastern populations, which represent the nominate subspecies. Based on the separation of the U. S. populations into two within Alabama, and lack of genetic data for Mexican subspecies, we retain two subspecies in the U. S. No subspecies of N. erythrogaster were recognized in the prior edition of this list.
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N. e. erythrogaster
(Forster, 1771) — Red-bellied Watersnake
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N. e. transversa
(Hallowell, 1852) — Yellow-bellied Watersnake
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N. fasciata
(Linnaeus, 1766) — Southern Watersnake
Rautsaw et al. (2021, Molecular Biology and Evolution 38: 745–760) examined lineage structure between Florida populations/subspecies. While showing that N. f. fasciatus and N. f. pictiventris can be detected using genomic data, the authors also demonstrated significant gene flow among these lineages. The authors suggest that these subspecies may result from isolation by distance, thus questioning if they should continue to be recognized.
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N. f. confluens
(Blanchard, 1923) — Broad-banded Watersnake
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N. f. fasciata
(Linnaeus, 1766) — Banded Watersnake
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N. f. pictiventris
(Cope, 1895) — Florida Watersnake
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N. floridana
(Goff, 1936) — Florida Green Watersnake
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N. harteri
(Trapido, 1941) — Brazos Watersnake
The English name was changed from "Brazos River Watersnake" to align it with the Concho Watersnake.
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N. paucimaculata
(Tinkle and Conant, 1961) — Concho Watersnake
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N. rhombifer
(Hallowell, 1852) — Diamond-backed Watersnake
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N. r. rhombifer
(Hallowell, 1852) — Northern Diamond-backed Watersnake
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N. sipedon
(Linnaeus, 1758) — Common Watersnake
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N. s. insularum
(Conant and Clay, 1937) — Lake Erie Watersnake
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N. s. pleuralis
(Cope, 1892) — Midland Watersnake
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N. s. sipedon
(Linnaeus, 1758) — Northern Watersnake
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N. s. williamengelsi
(Conant and Lazell, 1973) — Carolina Watersnake
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N. taxispilota
(Holbrook, 1838) — Brown Watersnake
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Regina
Baird and Girard, 1853 —
Crawfish Snakes
Nuñez et al. (2023, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 186: 1–12) using genome-scale data found that R. grahamii and R. septemvittata are sister taxa and as a clade are sister to the genus Nerodia, thus supporting the continued recognition of both taxa in this genus.
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R. grahamii
Baird and Girard, 1853 — Graham's Crawfish Snake
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R. septemvittata
(Say, 1825) — Queensnake
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Seminatrix
Cope, 1895 —
Black Swampsnakes
Using genome-scale data, Nuñez et al. (2023, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 186: 1-12) placed S. pygaea back into the genus Seminatrix from Liodytes.
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S. pygaea
(Cope, 1871) — Black Swampsnake
See comment under Seminatrix.
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S. p. cyclas
Dowling, 1950 — South Florida Swampsnake
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S. p. paludis
Dowling, 1950 — Carolina Swampsnake
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S. p. pygaea
(Cope, 1871) — North Florida Swampsnake
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Storeria
Baird and Girard, 1853 —
North American Brownsnakes
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S. dekayi
(Holbrook, 1839) — Dekay’s Brownsnake
Pyron et al. (2016, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2016: 1-13) inferred an ‘eastern’ and ‘western’ clade for S. dekayi. They did not evaluate Gulf Coast or Mesoamerican populations.
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S. occipitomaculata
(Storer, 1839) — Red-bellied Snake
Pyron et al. (2016. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2016: 1-13) detected four lineages within S. occipitomaculata, three of which conform to previously recognized subspecies.
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S. victa
Hay, 1892 — Florida Brownsnake
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Thamnophis
Fitzinger, 1843 —
North American Gartersnakes
Hallas et al. (2022, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 167: 1-13) and Nuñez et al. (2023, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 186: 1-12), both using genome-scale data, found a deep division between Mexican and primarily U. S./Canada clades. No taxonomic changes were recommended.
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T. atratus
(Kennicott, in Cooper, 1860) — Aquatic Gartersnake
The authority was corrected to indicate that the name was published in a publication by Cooper.
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T. a. atratus
(Kennicott, in Cooper, 1860) — Santa Cruz Gartersnake
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T. a. hydrophilus
Fitch, 1936 — Oregon Gartersnake
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T. a. zaxanthus
Boundy, 1999 — Diablo Range Gartersnake
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T. brachystoma
(Cope, 1892) — Short-headed Gartersnake
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T. butleri
(Cope, 1889) — Butler's Gartersnake
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T. couchii
(Kennicott, 1859) — Sierra Gartersnake
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T. cyrtopsis
(Kennicott, 1860) — Black-necked Gartersnake
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T. c. cyrtopsis
(Kennicott, 1860) — Western Black-necked Gartersnake
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T. c. ocellatus
(Cope, 1880) — Eastern Black-necked Gartersnake
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T. elegans
(Baird and Girard, 1853) — Terrestrial Gartersnake
Using genomic data, Hallas et al. (2021, Journal of Biogeography 48: 2226–2245) confirmed that T. elegans consists of three well-differentiated groups that conform to the three currently recognized subspecies.
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T. e. elegans
(Baird and Girard, 1853) — Mountain Gartersnake
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T. e. terrestris
Fox, 1951 — Coast Gartersnake
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T. e. vagrans
(Baird and Girard, 1853) — Wandering Gartersnake
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T. eques
(Reuss, 1834) — Mexican Gartersnake
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T. e. megalops
(Kennicott, 1860) — Brown Gartersnake
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T. gigas
Fitch, 1940 — Giant Gartersnake
Wood et al. (2015, Conservation Genetics 16: 1025–1039) using microsatellite data identified lineages within this species.
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T. hammondii
(Kennicott, 1860) — Two-striped Gartersnake
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T. marcianus
(Baird and Girard, 1853) — Checkered Gartersnake
Myers et al. (2017, Journal of Biogeography 44: 461–474), using mtDNA data, detected divergence between Chihuahuan and Sonoran Desert populations, which correspond to a previous taxonomic split based on morphology determined by Mittleman (1949, Bulletin of the Chicago Academy of Sciences 8: 235–249). However, with genome-scale data, Myers et al. (2019, Molecular Ecology 28: 4535–4548) showed that this divergence was unclear at the intersection of those deserts.
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T. m. marcianus
(Baird and Girard, 1853) — Marcy's Checkered Gartersnake
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T. ordinoides
(Baird and Girard, 1852) — Northwestern Gartersnake
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T. proximus
(Say in James, 1822) — Western Ribbonsnake
The publication date is corrected to 1822 based on Woodman (2010, Archives of Natural History 37: 28–38).
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T. p. diabolicus
Rossman, 1963 — Arid Land Ribbonsnake
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T. p. orarius
Rossman, 1963 — Gulf Coast Ribbonsnake
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T. p. proximus
(Say in James, 1822) — Orange-striped Ribbonsnake
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T. p. rubrilineatus
Rossman, 1963 — Red-striped Ribbonsnake
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T. radix
(Baird and Girard, 1853) — Plains Gartersnake
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T. rufipunctatus
(Cope, in Yarrow, 1875) — Narrow-headed Gartersnake
Authority was corrected to relate that the name was published in a work by Yarrow.
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T. saurita
(Linnaeus, 1766) — Eastern Ribbonsnake
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T. s. nitae
Rossman, 1963 — Blue-striped Ribbonsnake
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T. s. sackenii
(Kennicott, 1859) — Peninsula Ribbonsnake
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T. s. saurita
(Linnaeus, 1766) — Common Ribbonsnake
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T. s. septentrionalis
Rossman, 1963 — Northern Ribbonsnake
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T. sirtalis
(Linnaeus, 1758) — Common Gartersnake
Jones et al. (2023, Journal of Biogeography 50: 2012–2029) using genome-scale data did not find support for the traditional subspecies of T. sirtalis but rather discovered four distinct geographic lineages across North America. No taxonomic suggestions were indicated.
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T. s. annectens
Brown, 1950 — Texas Gartersnake
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T. s. concinnus
(Hallowell, 1852) — Red-spotted Gartersnake
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T. s. dorsalis
(Baird and Girard, 1853) — New Mexico Gartersnake
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T. s. fitchi
Fox, 1951 — Valley Gartersnake
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T. s. infernalis
(Blainville, 1835) — California Red-sided Gartersnake
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T. s. pallidulus
Allen, 1899 — Maritime Gartersnake
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T. s. parietalis
(Say in James, 1822) — Red-sided Gartersnake
The date of publication is corrected to 1822 based on Woodman (2010, Archives of Natural History 37: 28–38).
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T. s. pickeringii
(Baird and Girard, 1853) — Puget Sound Gartersnake
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T. s. semifasciatus
(Cope, 1892) — Chicago Gartersnake
The authority was corrected to add parentheses to signify that the species was originally described under another genus.
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T. s. similis
Rossman, 1965 — Blue-striped Gartersnake
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T. s. sirtalis
(Linnaeus, 1758) — Eastern Gartersnake
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T. s. tetrataenia
(Cope in Yarrow, 1875) — San Francisco Gartersnake
Authority was corrected to relate that the name was published in a work by Yarrow.
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Tropidoclonion
Cope, 1860 —
Lined Snakes
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T. lineatum
(Hallowell, 1856) — Lined Snake
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Virginia
Baird and Girard, 1853 —
Earthsnakes
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V. striatula
(Linnaeus, 1766) — Rough Earthsnake
Using genome-scale data, Nuñez et al. (2023, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 186: 1-12) demonstrated that V. valeriae and Haldea striatula were sister species and recommended returning striatula to the genus Virginia.
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V. valeriae
Baird and Girard, 1853 — Smooth Earthsnake
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V. v. elegans
Kennicott, 1859 — Western Smooth Earthsnake
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V. v. pulchra
(Richmond, 1954) — Mountain Earthsnake
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V. v. valeriae
Baird and Girard, 1853 — Eastern Smooth Earthsnake
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