THE CENTER FOR NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY

Amphibia    Anura    Bufonidae  

Sonoran Desert Toad
Incilius alvarius (Girard in Baird, 1859)

Current SSAR Comments:
There are no current SSAR comments for this taxon.

Range maps are based on curated specimens and provided gratis by CNAH.
(Created by Travis W. Taggart; Version: 2023.09.14.08.34.38)
Download GeoJSON polygon range file: - 0.16 MB

Province/State Distribution:
USA: Arizona California New Mexico

First instance(s) of published English names:
Colorado Toad (Bufo alvarius: Cooper, James G. 1869. The fauna of California and its geographical distribution. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 4():61-81); Colorado Toad (Bufo alvarius: Cooper, James G. 1869. The naturalist in California. The American Naturalist 3(9):470-481); Girard's Toad (Bufo alvarius: Yarrow, Henry C. 1882. Check list of North American Reptilia and Batrachia with catalogue of specimens in U. S. National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum (24):1-249); Giant Toad (Bufo alvarius: Wright, Anna Allen, and Alex Hazen Wright. 1933. Handbook of frogs and toads. The frogs and toads of the United States and Canada Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, NY. xi+231pp.); Colorado River Toad (Bufo alvarius: Wright, Anna Allen, and Alex Hazen Wright. 1933. Handbook of frogs and toads. The frogs and toads of the United States and Canada Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, NY. xi+231pp.);

Taxon Links:

  
Catalog of American Amphibians and Reptiles
  
Amphibian Species of the World
  
NatureServe
  
iNaturalist
  
GenBank
  
USGS - Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database

Selected References:
1859 Baird, Spencer F. Reptiles of the Boundary, in: Volume 2, pt. 2 United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, U.S. 34th Congress, 1st Session, Executive Document 108. 1-35pp.
1962 Tihen, Joseph A. A review of new world fossil bufonids. American Midland Naturalist 68(1):1-50
1968 Cole, Charles J., Charles H. Lowe, and John W. Wright. Karyotypes of eight species of toads (genus Bufo) in North America. Copeia 1968(1):96-100
1970 Fouquette, Martin J., Jr. Bufo alvarius. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles (93):1–4
1972 Blair, W. Frank. Evolution in the Genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin. pp.
1994 Sullivan, Brian K. and Keith B. Malmos. Call variation in the Colorado River toad (Bufo alvarius): Behavioral and phylogenetic implications. Herpetologica 50(2):146-156
1999 Gergus, Erik W. A., Keith B. Malmos, and Brian K. Sullivan. Natural hybridization among distantly related toads (Bufo alvarius, Bufo cognatus, Bufo woodhousii) in central Arizona . Copeia 1999(2):281-286
2005 Lannoo, Michael (Editor) Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species. University fo California Press, Berkeley. 1115pp.
2005 Enderson, Erik F. and Robert L. Bezy. Amphibians of the Vekol Valley. Sonoran Herpetologist 18(7):74-79
2011 Mendelson, Joseph R., III, Daniel G. Mulcahy, T. S. Williams, and Jack W. Sites, Jr. A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data. Zootaxa (3138):1–34
2013 Dodd, C. Kenneth. Frogs of the United States and Canada. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 982pp.
2016 Peralta-Garcia, Anny, Dean H. Leavitt, Bradford D. Hollingsworth, and Tod W. Reeder. The phylogenetic position of the Little Mexican Toad, Anaxyrus kelloggi, using molecular data. Journal of Herpetology 50(3):471-475
2017 Bezy, Robert L., Philip C. Rosen, Thomas R. Van Devender, and Erik F. Enderson. Southern distributional limits of the Sonoran Desert herpetofauna along the mainland coast of northwestern Mexico Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(1):138-167
2023 Dodd, C. Kenneth. Frogs of the United States and Canada. Second Edition. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 1032pp.

THE CENTER FOR NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY — Accessed: Monday 24 March 2025 22:11 CT