THE CENTER FOR NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY

Amphibia    Anura    Bufonidae  

Woodhouse's Toad
Anaxyrus woodhousii (Girard, 1854)

Current SSAR Comments:
See comments under A. fowleri. The incorrect spelling of the species name as woodhousei has been used widely.

Range maps are based on curated specimens and provided gratis by CNAH.
(Created by Travis W. Taggart; Version: 2023.04.08.10.01.07)
Download GeoJSON polygon range file: - 1.84 MB

Province/State Distribution:
USA: Arizona California Colorado Idaho Iowa Kansas Louisiana Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Mexico North Dakota Oklahoma Oregon South Dakota Texas Utah Washington Wyoming

First instance(s) of published English names:
Woodhouse's Toad (Bufo woodhousii: Cooper, James G. 1869. The fauna of California and its geographical distribution. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 4():61-81); Toad (Bufo lentiginosus frontosus: Yarrow, Henry C. 1882. Check list of North American Reptilia and Batrachia with catalogue of specimens in U. S. National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum (24):1-249); Rocky Mountain Toad (: Dickerson, Mary C. 1906. The Frog Book; North American Toads and Frogs, with Study of the Habits and Life Histories of Those of the Northeastern States. Doubleday, Page & Company, New York, New York. 253pp.); Woodhouse's Toad (: Strecker, John K., Jr. 1915. Reptiles and amphibians of Texas. Baylor University Bulletin 18(4):29952); Woodhouse's Toad (Bufo woodhousii: Strecker, John K., Jr. 1922. An annotated catalogue of the amphibians and reptiles of Bexar County, Texas. Bulletin Scientific Society of San Antonio (4):1-31); American Toad (Bufo woodhousii: Wright, Anna Allen, and Alex Hazen Wright. 1933. Handbook of frogs and toads. The frogs and toads of the United States and Canada Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, NY. xi+231pp.); Woodhouse's Toad (Bufo woodhousii: Wright, Anna Allen, and Alex Hazen Wright. 1933. Handbook of frogs and toads. The frogs and toads of the United States and Canada Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, NY. xi+231pp.); Rocky Mountain Toad (Bufo woodhousii: Wright, Anna Allen, and Alex Hazen Wright. 1933. Handbook of frogs and toads. The frogs and toads of the United States and Canada Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, NY. xi+231pp.); Rocky Mountain Toad (Bufo woodhousii woodhousii: Smith, Hobart M. 1934. The Amphibians of Kansas. American Midland Naturalist 15(4):377-527); Woodhouse's Toad (Bufo woodhousii woodhousii: Brennan, Lawrence A. 1934. A check list of the amphibians and reptiles of Ellis County, Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 37():189-191); Woodhouse Toad (: Stebbins, Robert C. 1951. Amphibians of western North America University of California Press, Berkeley. pp.); East Texas Toad (: Schmidt, Karl P. 1953. A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 280pp.); Woodhouse's Toad (Bufo woodhousei: Schmidt, Karl P. 1953. A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 280pp.); Woodhouse's Toad (Bufo woodhousei woodhousei: Schmidt, Karl P. 1953. A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 280pp.); East Texas Toad (woodhousei velatus: Schmidt, Karl P. 1953. A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 280pp.); Southwestern Woodhouse's Toad (Bufo woodhouei australis: Conant, Roger, Fred R. Cagle, Coleman J. Goin, Charles H. Lowe, Wilfred T. Neill, M. Graham Netting, Karl P. Schmidt, Charles E. Shaw, Robert C. Stebbins, and Charles M. Bogert. 1956. Common names for North American amphibians and reptiles. Copeia 1956(3):172-185); Woodhouse's Toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii: Frost, Darrel R., Roy W. McDiarmid, Joseph R. Mendelson III, and David M. Green. 2012. Anura - Frogs. Pages 11-22 in Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Herpetological Circular No. 39. pp.);

Taxon Links:

  
Catalog of American Amphibians and Reptiles
  
Amphibian Species of the World
  
NatureServe
  
iNaturalist
  
GenBank
  
USGS - Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database

Selected References:
1888 Cope, Edward D. On a new species of Bufo from Texas. Proceedings of the United States National Museum ():317-318
1943 Blair, Albert P. Geographical variation of ventral markings of toads. American Midland Naturalist 29(2):615-620
1951 Bragg, Arthur N. and Ottys Sanders. A new subspecies of the Bufo woodhousei group of toads (Salientia, Bufonidae). Wasmann Journal of Biology 9(3):363-378
1962 Tihen, Joseph A. A review of new world fossil bufonids. American Midland Naturalist 68(1):1-50
1963 Blair, W. Frank. Intragroup genetic compatibility in the Bufo americanus species group of toads. Texas Journal of Science 15(1):15-34
1964 Sanders, Ottys and J. C. Cross. Relationships between certain North American toads as shown by cytological study. Herpetologica 19(4):248-255
1968 Cole, Charles J., Charles H. Lowe, and John W. Wright. Karyotypes of eight species of toads (genus Bufo) in North America. Copeia 1968(1):96-100
1973 Martin, R. F. Osteology of North American Bufo: The americanus, cognatus, and boreas species groups. Herpetologica 29(4):375-387
1987 Sanders, Ottys. Evolutionary hybridization and speciation in North American indigenous bufonids. Privately Printed, Dallas, Texas. pp.
1996 Green, David M. The bounds of species: Hybridization in the Bufo americanus group of North American toads. Israel Journal of Zoology 42():95-109
1996 Sullivan, Brian K., K. B. Malmos, and M. F. Given. Systematics of the Bufo woodhousii complex (Anura: Bufonidae): Advertisement call variation. Copeia 1996(2):274-280
1999 Gergus, Erik W. A., Keith B. Malmos, and Brian K. Sullivan. Natural hybridization among distantly related toads (Bufo alvarius, Bufo cognatus, Bufo woodhousii) in central Arizona . Copeia 1999(2):281-286
2000 Lamb, Trip, Brian K. Sullivan, and Keith Malmos. Mitochondrial gene markers for the hybridizing toads Bufo microscaphus and Bufo woodhousii in Arizona. Copeia 2000(1):234-237
2002 Masta, Susan E., Brian K. Sullivan, Trip Lamb, and Eric J. Routman. Molecular systematics, hybridization, and phylogeography of the Bufo americanus complex in eastern North America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24():302-314
2004 Pauly, Gregory B., David M. Hillis, and David C. Cannatella. The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58():2517-2535
2005 Lannoo, Michael (Editor) Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species. University fo California Press, Berkeley. 1115pp.
2008 Pauly, Gregory B. Phylogenetic systematics, historical biogeography, and the evolution of vocalizations in Nearctic toads (Bufo). Dissertation. University of Texas, Austin. 165pp.
2013 Dodd, C. Kenneth. Frogs of the United States and Canada. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 982pp.
2016 Peralta-Garcia, Anny, Dean H. Leavitt, Bradford D. Hollingsworth, and Tod W. Reeder. The phylogenetic position of the Little Mexican Toad, Anaxyrus kelloggi, using molecular data. Journal of Herpetology 50(3):471-475
2017 Bezy, Robert L., Philip C. Rosen, Thomas R. Van Devender, and Erik F. Enderson. Southern distributional limits of the Sonoran Desert herpetofauna along the mainland coast of northwestern Mexico Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(1):138-167
2023 Dodd, C. Kenneth. Frogs of the United States and Canada. Second Edition. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 1032pp.

THE CENTER FOR NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY — Accessed: Monday 24 March 2025 21:54 CT