THE CENTER FOR NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY

Amphibia    Anura    Bufonidae  

Canadian Toad
Anaxyrus hemiophrys (Cope, 1886)

Current SSAR Comments:
See comments under A. baxteri.

Range maps are based on curated specimens and provided gratis by CNAH.
(Created by Travis W. Taggart; Version: 2023.04.08.10.04.13)
Download GeoJSON polygon range file: - 0.4 MB

Province/State Distribution:
Canada: Alberta Manitoba Northwest Territories Ontario Saskatchewan
USA: Minnesota North Dakota South Dakota

First instance(s) of published English names:
Canadian Toad (Bufo hemiophrys: Wright, Anna Allen, and Alex Hazen Wright. 1933. Handbook of frogs and toads. The frogs and toads of the United States and Canada Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, NY. xi+231pp.); Winnipeg Toad (Bufo hemiophrys: Wright, Anna Allen, and Alex Hazen Wright. 1933. Handbook of frogs and toads. The frogs and toads of the United States and Canada Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, NY. xi+231pp.); Manitoba Toad (Bufo hemiophrys: Wright, Anna Allen, and Alex Hazen Wright. 1933. Handbook of frogs and toads. The frogs and toads of the United States and Canada Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, NY. xi+231pp.); Dakota Toad (Bufo woodhousei hemiophrys: Schmidt, Karl P. 1953. A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 280pp.); Canadian Toad (Anaxyrus hemiophrys: Frost, Darrel R., Roy W. McDiarmid, Joseph R. Mendelson III, and David M. Green. 2012. Anura - Frogs. Pages 11-22 in Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Herpetological Circular No. 39. pp.);

Taxon Links:

  
Catalog of American Amphibians and Reptiles
  
Amphibian Species of the World
  
NatureServe
  
iNaturalist
  
GenBank
  
USGS - Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database

Selected References:
1886 Cope, Edward D. Synonymic list of the North American species of Bufo and Rana, with descriptions of some new species of Batrachia, from specimens in the National Museum. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 23(124):514-526
1957 Blair, W. Frank. Mating call and relationships of Bufo hemiophrys Cope. Texas Journal of Science 9(1):99-108
1962 Underhill, James C. Intraspecific variation in the Dakota toad, Bufo hemiophrys, for northeastern South Dakota. Herpetologica 17(4):220-227
1963 Blair, W. Frank. Intragroup genetic compatibility in the Bufo americanus species group of toads. Texas Journal of Science 15(1):15-34
1971 Brown, Lauren E. and Michael A. Ewert. A natural hybrid between the toads Bufo hemiophrys and Bufo cognatus in Minnesota. Journal of Herpetology 5(1-2):78-82
1971 Packard, Gary C. Inconsistency in application of the biological species concept to disjunct populations of Anurans in southeastern Wyoming and northcentral Colorado. Journal of Herpetology 5(3-4):191-193
1983 Cook, F. R. An analysis of toads of the Bufo americanus group in a contact zone in central northern North America. Publications in Natural Sciences. National Museum of Canada (3):89
1991 Collins, Joseph T. Viewpoint: A new taxonomic arrangement for some North American amphibins and reptiles Herpetological Review 22(2):42-43
1996 Green, David M. The bounds of species: Hybridization in the Bufo americanus group of North American toads. Israel Journal of Zoology 42():95-109
1997 Green, David M. and Cory Pustowka. Correlated morphological and allozyme variation in the hybridizing toads Bufo americanus and Bufo hemiophrys. Herpetologica 53(2):218-228
1998 Smith, Hobart M., David Chiszar, Joseph T. Collins, and Frank Van Vreukelen. The taxonomic status of the Wyoming Toad, Bufo baxteri Porter. Contemporary Herpetology 1998(1):1-5
2004 Pauly, Gregory B., David M. Hillis, and David C. Cannatella. The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58():2517-2535
2005 Lannoo, Michael (Editor) Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species. University fo California Press, Berkeley. 1115pp.
2008 Pauly, Gregory B. Phylogenetic systematics, historical biogeography, and the evolution of vocalizations in Nearctic toads (Bufo). Dissertation. University of Texas, Austin. 165pp.
2013 Dodd, C. Kenneth. Frogs of the United States and Canada. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 982pp.
2014 Crother, Brian I. The bold taxonomic hypotheses of Collins (1991): 23 years later. Herpetological Review 45(2):268-272
2016 Peralta-Garcia, Anny, Dean H. Leavitt, Bradford D. Hollingsworth, and Tod W. Reeder. The phylogenetic position of the Little Mexican Toad, Anaxyrus kelloggi, using molecular data. Journal of Herpetology 50(3):471-475
2023 Dodd, C. Kenneth. Frogs of the United States and Canada. Second Edition. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 1032pp.

THE CENTER FOR NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY — Accessed: Monday 24 March 2025 21:31 CT