THE CENTER FOR NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY

Amphibia    Anura    Bufonidae  

Fowler's Toad
Anaxyrus fowleri (Hinckley, 1882)

SSAR 9th Edition Comments:
 Masta et al. (2002, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 24: 302–314) provided evidence for the distinctiveness of this species from A. woodhousii and noted (as did Smith and Green, 2004, Molecular Ecology. 13: 3723–3733) that, at the molecular level, there are multiple mtDNA matrilines.

Range maps are based on curated specimens and provided gratis by CNAH.
(Created by Travis W. Taggart; Version: 2023.04.08.09.52.10)
Download GeoJSON polygon range file: - 2.14 MB

Province/State Distribution:
Canada: Ontario
USA: Alabama Arkansas Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia

First instance(s) of published English names:
Fowler's Toad (Bufo lentiginosus fowleri: Yarrow, Henry C. 1882. Check list of North American Reptilia and Batrachia with catalogue of specimens in U. S. National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum (24):1-249); Southern Toad (Bufo lentiginosus: Rhoads, Samuel N. 1895. Contributions to the zoology of Tennessee. No. 1, Reptiles and amphibians. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 47():376-407); Hop Toad (Bufo lentiginosus: Fowler, Henry W. 1907. The amphibians and reptiles of New Jersey. MacCrellish and Quigley, Trenton, N. J.. 29-250pp.); Toad (Bufo lentiginosus: Fowler, Henry W. 1907. The amphibians and reptiles of New Jersey. MacCrellish and Quigley, Trenton, N. J.. 29-250pp.); Common Toad (Bufo lentiginosus: Fowler, Henry W. 1907. The amphibians and reptiles of New Jersey. MacCrellish and Quigley, Trenton, N. J.. 29-250pp.); Fowler's Toad (Bufo fowleri: Brimley, Clement S. 1915. List of reptiles and amphibians of North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 30(4):195-206); Fowler's Toad (Bufo fowleri: Stejneger, Leonhard H. and Thomas Barbour. 1917. A Checklist of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp.); Danver's Toad (Bufo fowleri: Wright, Anna Allen, and Alex Hazen Wright. 1933. Handbook of frogs and toads. The frogs and toads of the United States and Canada Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, NY. xi+231pp.); Fowler's Toad (Bufo woodhousii fowleri: Bragg, Arthur N. and Charles Clinton Smith. 1943. Observations on the ecology and natural history of anura IV: The ecological distribution of toads in Oklahoma. Ecology 24(3):285-309); Fowler's Toad (Bufo woodhousei fowleri: Schmidt, Karl P. 1953. A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 280pp.); East Texas Toad (Bufo woodhousei velatus: Schmidt, Karl P. 1953. A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 280pp.); Fowler's Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri: Frost, Darrel R., Roy W. McDiarmid, Joseph R. Mendelson III, and David M. Green. 2012. Anura - Frogs. Pages 11-22 in Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Herpetological Circular No. 39. pp.);

Taxon Links:

  
Catalog of American Amphibians and Reptiles
  
Amphibian Species of the World
  
NatureServe
  
iNaturalist
  
GenBank
  
USGS - Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database

Selected References:
1882 Hinckley, Mary H. On some differences in the mouth structure of tadpoles of the anourous batrachians found in Milton, Mass. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 21:307-314
1931 Myers, George S. The original descriptions of Bufo fowleri and Bufo americanus. Copeia 1931(3):94-96
1943 Blair, Albert P. Geographical variation of ventral markings of toads. American Midland Naturalist 29(2):615-620
1947 Blair, Albert P. Variation of two characters in Bufo fowleri and Bufo americanus. American Museum Novitates (1343):1-5
1951 Bragg, Arthur N. and Ottys Sanders. A new subspecies of the Bufo woodhousei group of toads (Salientia, Bufonidae). Wasmann Journal of Biology 9(3):363-378
1963 Blair, W. Frank. Intragroup genetic compatibility in the Bufo americanus species group of toads. Texas Journal of Science 15(1):15-34
1964 Sanders, Ottys and J. C. Cross. Relationships between certain North American toads as shown by cytological study. Herpetologica 19(4):248-255
1968 Zweifel, Richard G. Effects of temperature, body size, and hybridization on mating calls of toads, Bufo a.americanus and Bufo woodhousei fowleri. Copeia 1968(2):269-285
1973 Martin, R. F. Osteology of North American Bufo: The americanus, cognatus, and boreas species groups. Herpetologica 29(4):375-387
1987 Sanders, Ottys. Evolutionary hybridization and speciation in North American indigenous bufonids. Privately Printed, Dallas, Texas. pp.
1996 Green, David M. The bounds of species: Hybridization in the Bufo americanus group of North American toads. Israel Journal of Zoology 42:95-109
1996 Sullivan, Brian K., K. B. Malmos, and M. F. Given. Systematics of the Bufo woodhousii complex (Anura: Bufonidae): Advertisement call variation. Copeia 1996(2):274-280
2002 Masta, Susan E., Brian K. Sullivan, Trip Lamb, and Eric J. Routman. Molecular systematics, hybridization, and phylogeography of the Bufo americanus complex in eastern North America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24:302-314
2003 Green, David M. and Christine Parent. Variable and asymmetric introgression in a hybrid zone in the toads Bufo americanus and Bufo fowleri. Copeia 2003(1):34-43
2004 Smith, M. A. and David M. Green. Phylogeography of Bufo fowleri at its northern range limit. Molecular Ecology 13(12):3723-3733
2004 Pauly, Gregory B., David M. Hillis, and David C. Cannatella. The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58:2517-2535
2005 Lannoo, Michael (Editor) Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species. University fo California Press, Berkeley. 1115pp.
2008 Pauly, Gregory B. Phylogenetic systematics, historical biogeography, and the evolution of vocalizations in Nearctic toads (Bufo). Dissertation. University of Texas, Austin. 165pp.
2013 Dodd, C. Kenneth. Frogs of the United States and Canada. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 982pp.
2016 Peralta-Garcia, Anny, Dean H. Leavitt, Bradford D. Hollingsworth, and Tod W. Reeder. The phylogenetic position of the Little Mexican Toad, Anaxyrus kelloggi, using molecular data. Journal of Herpetology 50(3):471-475
2023 Dodd, C. Kenneth. Frogs of the United States and Canada. Second Edition. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 1032pp.

THE CENTER FOR NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY — Accessed: Monday 21 April 2025 12:34 CT