THE CENTER FOR NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY

Amphibia    Anura    Bufonidae  

Wyoming Toad
Anaxyrus baxteri (Porter, 1968)

Current SSAR Comments:
Historically, there has been discussion of the status of this taxon as a species or as an allopatric subspecies of A. hemiophrys and the issue has not been addressed in recent years. The allopatric distribution of A. baxteri and the abundant literature and resources expended toward its conservation (all contemporary efforts framed as A. baxteri) suggest widespread acceptance of this taxonomy, despite the lack of modern methodological approaches brought to bear on the problem.

Range maps are based on curated specimens and provided gratis by CNAH.
(Created by Travis W. Taggart; Version: 2023.05.23.09.33.17)
Download GeoJSON polygon range file: - 0.19 MB

Province/State Distribution:
USA: Wyoming

First instance(s) of published English names:
Wyoming Toad (Bufo baxteri: Collins, Joseph T., James E. Huheey, James L. Knight, and Hobart M. Smith. 1978. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. Herpetological Circulars (7):36); Baxter's Toad (Bufo baxteri: Frank, N. and E. Ramus. 1995. Complete Guide to Scientific and Common Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of the World. N. G. Publishing Inc., Pottsville, Pennsylvania. pp.); Wyoming Toad (Anaxyrus baxter: Frost, Darrel R., Roy W. McDiarmid, Joseph R. Mendelson III, and David M. Green. 2012. Anura - Frogs. Pages 11-22 in Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Herpetological Circular No. 39. pp.);

Taxon Links:

  
Catalog of American Amphibians and Reptiles
  
Amphibian Species of the World
  
NatureServe
  
iNaturalist
  
GenBank
  
USGS - Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database

Selected References:
1963 Blair, W. Frank. Intragroup genetic compatibility in the Bufo americanus species group of toads. Texas Journal of Science 15(1):15-34
1968 Porter, K. R. Evolutionary status of a relict population of Bufo hemiphrys Cope. Evolution 22(3):583-594
1971 Packard, Gary C. Inconsistency in application of the biological species concept to disjunct populations of Anurans in southeastern Wyoming and northcentral Colorado. Journal of Herpetology 5(3-4):191-193
1973 Martin, R. F. Osteology of North American Bufo: The americanus, cognatus, and boreas species groups. Herpetologica 29(4):375-387
1983 Cook, F. R. An analysis of toads of the Bufo americanus group in a contact zone in central northern North America. Publications in Natural Sciences. National Museum of Canada (3):89
1991 Collins, Joseph T. Viewpoint: A new taxonomic arrangement for some North American amphibins and reptiles Herpetological Review 22(2):42-43
1998 Smith, Hobart M., David Chiszar, Joseph T. Collins, and Frank Van Vreukelen. The taxonomic status of the Wyoming Toad, Bufo baxteri Porter. Contemporary Herpetology 1998(1):1-5
2004 Pauly, Gregory B., David M. Hillis, and David C. Cannatella. The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58():2517-2535
2005 Lannoo, Michael (Editor) Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species. University fo California Press, Berkeley. 1115pp.
2005 Odum, R. Andrew and Paul S. Corn. Bufo baxteri Porter, 1968, Wyoming Toad. Pages 390-392 in University of California Press, Berkeley. pp.
2008 Pauly, Gregory B. Phylogenetic systematics, historical biogeography, and the evolution of vocalizations in Nearctic toads (Bufo). Dissertation. University of Texas, Austin. 165pp.
2013 Dodd, C. Kenneth. Frogs of the United States and Canada. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 982pp.
2014 Crother, Brian I. The bold taxonomic hypotheses of Collins (1991): 23 years later. Herpetological Review 45(2):268-272
2016 Peralta-Garcia, Anny, Dean H. Leavitt, Bradford D. Hollingsworth, and Tod W. Reeder. The phylogenetic position of the Little Mexican Toad, Anaxyrus kelloggi, using molecular data. Journal of Herpetology 50(3):471-475
2023 Dodd, C. Kenneth. Frogs of the United States and Canada. Second Edition. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 1032pp.

THE CENTER FOR NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY — Accessed: Monday 24 March 2025 20:49 CT