Ornate Box Turtle

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Kansas Herpetofaunal Atlas

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Ornate Box Turtle

Terrapene ornata (Agassiz, 1857)

Overview

The terrestrial Ornate Box Turtle is characterized by a short tail, a rigid upper shell, a distinct movable hinge on the lower shell, four claws on each hind foot, and distinct radiating yellow or orange-yellow lines on the dark lower shell. The upper shell is dark brown or reddish brown (sometimes with a yellow line down the middle) and covered with yellow or yellow-orange radiating lines. The head and limbs are dark brown, gray, or greenish, and are covered with yellow or orange-yellow spots. The dark tail may have a yellow stripe on its upper surface. Adult males have red eyes whereas those of females are yellowish brown. The first toe on the hind foot of males is thickened and turned in. The posterior portion of the plastron is flat or convex in females but is concave in males. Male Ornate Box Turtles often have a greenish or yellowish uniformly-colored heads. The heads of females are usually brown. Males have longer, thicker tails than females. The male’s vent (opening to the cloaca) is farther away from his body than the female’s.Females grow slightly larger than males. Box Turtles derive their name from the movable hinge on the plastron that allows them to completely enclose their head and limbs.
Adults normally 100-125 mm (4-5 inches) in carapace length. The largest specimen from Kansas is a female (KU 18358) from Barber County with a shell length of 154 mm (6‌1⁄8 inches), collected by Hobart M. Smith and Claude W. Hibbard on 2 September 1933. This is the maximum carapace length throughout the range (Powell et al., 2016).

Distribution

A specimen exists for Scott County (CAS-SUA 19241) but is only given to the county, and therefore cannot be mapped precisely. The source of the records mapped by Collins (1993) from Jewell and Neosho counties cannot be determined and are not mapped.

Reproduction

Legler (1960) studied the natural history of this turtle in Kansas, and much of the information on its habitat and breeding in Kansas is from his work.
Although Ornate Box Turtles reach their greatest abundance on the western open prairie, they are equally at home along natural breaks in the grassy vegetation of pastures, open woodlands, and open fields of eastern Kansas. This turtle is active from April to October at air temperatures ranging 60-95°F. With the approach of winter, this turtle digs beneath the ground or enters the dens or burrows of other animals. In open grasslands it may dig to a depth of 18 inches, but in woodland the burrows are as shallow as six inches. Emergence from the burrow during spring is dependent on a period of warm, moist weather.
Ornate Box Turtles are diurnal, spending the daytime basking, feeding, and resting. During an entire day, individuals of this species may travel between 200 and 300 feet, although pregnant females may travel somewhat greater distances. These turtles have an individual home range of about five acres but are not possessive of this plot of land as several turtles utilize the same general area. This species shows a population density of over one per square acre; Rose (1978) reported a population density of two per acre in Lyon County. On 12 May Capron (1987) observed 178 of these turtles on or along a 220-mile stretch of highway between Wellington and Lawrence; near Oxford he found this turtle congregating around springs, seeps, intermittent pools, and still backwaters during hot, dry weather.
Mating in Ornate Box Turtles occurs most commonly in the spring and autumn but may also take place throughout the summer. In courtship the male mounts the female, hooking his claws on the rear edge of her lower shell. The female secures the male's hind limbs by wrapping her own about them. The male positions his cloaca against that of the female, and copulation occurs. When dismounting from the female, the male will often fall on his back but generally can right himself with little difficulty.Nesting and egg deposition occur at least once a year in all females, and probably a third of the females in a population lay a second clutch in the same season. Nesting is most common in June but may occur from May into autumn. Each female lays from two to eight elongate white eggs that hatch in a little over two months. The young become sexually mature at 7-8 years of age and may live to over thirty years of age. Eric M. Rundquist (pers. comm., 1989) recorded a clutch of six eggs laid from 8-10 August by a female from Sedgwick County. Legler (1960) listed a mean clutch size of 4.7 eggs with a third of the adult females producing two clutches per season in the Kansas population he studied.
Legler (1960) found that most Kansas males become reproductively mature at 8-9 years (100-109 mm), while females were at 10-11 years (110-129mm). Ornate Box Turtles do not have sex chromosomes, their gender is determined environmentally by incubation temperature at a critical point in their development. The pivot temperature for determining male vs. female is still unknown. In general, higher temperatures produce more females (Dodd 2001). The Ornate Box Turtle is primarily carnivorous, feeding on beetles, caterpillars, grasshoppers, cicadas, earthworms, and dead vertebrates. It is also fond of berries and other fruits. Thomasson (1980) reported this turtle feeding on a pincushion cactus in Ellis County. It has been suggested that Ornate Box Turtles may be important seed dispersers (Dodd 2001).
Young Ornate Box Turtles are difficult to detect by the typical search methods. This has resulted in researchers (e.g. Dodd 2001) reporting that Ornate Box Turtles possess high hatchling/juvenile mortality. When in fact, this is not known.

Remarks

First reported in Kansas by Cragin (1880), stating the species appears to be common at Manhattan, and westward throughout the State. The earliest existing specimens (MCZ 3992, 184581-4) were collected at Fort Hays by Joel A. Allen on 20 June 1871.
Cochran (1961) lists two specimens from Kansas among the paratypes of Cistudo (=Terrapene) ornata housed in the United States National Museum (USNM 7541 and 7547).
The Ornate Box Turtle became the official State Reptile of Kansas in 1986 due to the efforts of the 6th-grade class at Caldwell Elementary led by their teacher, Larry L. Miller (Simmons 1986).
When disturbed the Ornate Box Turtle will typically withdraw into its shell. When picked up they often expel water, much to the dismay of the captor.
Ornate Box Turtles are not listed as species with conservation concerns and have no special protections in Kansas.
The Ornate Box Turtle is listed by the two worldwide conservation ranking indicators; IUCN Red List ('near threatened') and CITES (Appendix II; not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled).
The conversion/loss of habitat has had the greatest effect on Ornate Box Turtle populations in Kansas. Currently, automobiles are a leading cause of Ornate Box Turtle mortality when their home range overlaps with highways and many thousands of adult Ornate Box Turtle are crushed on Kansas roads every year. Yet, populations in Kansas appear to be stable.
There are currently 138 'turtle races' conducted annually across Kansas (Alex Heeb pers. comm.). These are common community and organizational events typically conducted in conjunction with fairs and festivals. Ornate and Three-toed Box Turtles are the most commonly utilized species, however, it is not uncommon to have Spiny Softshells, Painted Turtles, Pond Sliders, Snapping Turtles, and even False and Ouachita Map Turtles. While typically well-meaning, the turtles are often held w/o access to food, water, or cover prior to (and during) these events. Event organizers and their participants should ensure that the turtles are not held captive for long periods leading up to the event, kept safe, sanitary, and appropriately fed and watered while in captivity, and released at the point of capture soon after the event.
Box turtles are long-lived and many adults have established home ranges. Tracking studies initially demonstrated that releasing box turtles into a new environment may increase their mortality (Hester et al. 2008) however, more recent studies (e.g. Seibert and Belzer, 2013) have repeatedly shown this isn't always the case.
There are widely-reported accounts that box turtles sequester toxins from the mushrooms they eat, that may then be transferred to organisms (including humans) that ingest box turtles. This myth stems from an anecdote published in Babcock (1919) when discussing the economic importance of box turtles in New England. He wrote "The flesh of this turtle is edible but is not generally used as food. During the coal miners' strike of 1902, in the vicinity of Scranton, Pennsylvania, many miners roamed over the hills and captured and ate turtles which made them sick. It is probable that these were Box Turtles, and the flesh may have been rendered temporarily poisonous to man from a diet of toadstools, of which the turtles are very found and which does not seem to poison them." It was never determined what species of turtles were eaten or that it was the turtles that made these people sick. Furthermore, it has never been shown that box turtles are capable of sequestering toxins in their body. We do know that Native Americans would consume box turtles.
Cragin (1885) remarked that Ornate Box Turtles were so abundant is sections of southern Kansas (e.g. Harper and Barber counties) that they were considered a nuisance. Burt and Hoyle (1934) first commented on the number of individual Ornate Box Turtles that are crushed on highways every year. Capron (1987) observed 178 Ornate Box Turtles (most of them alive) just in the northbound lane of I-35 between Wellington and Lawrence, Kansas (~200 miles) on 12 May 1986. He further states (op. cit.) that he observed 22 Ornate Box Turtles (two-thirds of them alive) on the road between and Oxford and Independence, Kansas (~122 miles) on 2 June 1986. Over a two year span (2004-2005) Taggart (2006; Distribution and status of Kansas herpetofauna) counted every Ornate Box Turtle encountered across the state, resulting in 352 observations. Of those, 177 were discovered alive on the road and 144 were dead on the road. Twenty-three were found active off the road and six were under cover objects (e.g. rocks). Between summer 1984 and through the spring of 1985, Langley (2018) counted road-killed vertebrates on a section of K-254 between Kechi, Kansas and its intersection with K-196 (~32.2 km) and recorded 168 DOR Ornate Box Turtles in 1984 and 256 in 1985 (424 total; 6.6 individuals per 100km of roadway). Ornate Box Turtles were significantly more likely to be killed on road segments that bisected pastures than agriculture lands, and contiguous pastures vs. patchwork landscapes. Of all vertebrates documented, the Ornate Box Turtle only trailed the Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus foridanus) with 445 DOR individuals counted.
Taggart (2006; Addendum report to biological inventory of the sandsage prairie) conducted a follow-up survey (to Choate et al. [1981]) in Finney County utilizing the same methods and effort. He discovered 134 Ornate Box Turtles. An increase of 122 (509%) from the previous survey in 1980. One should be cautious in drawing conclusions from such a marked increase, as many local environmental variables contribute to Ornate Box Turtle detectability.
Beltz (1998) reported that two persons (one from Kansas and the other from Louisiana) were charged with the illegally buying and selling more than 1,000 box turtles. Dodd (2001) adds that the two were also convicted, however he does not cite a source. It is not stated where the turtles were collected from or what species they were.
According to Metcalf and Metcalf (1985) , this species probably has a maximum age of 30- 35 years. Based on a captive specimen, Snider and Bowler (1992) reported a maximum longevity for this turtle of 26 years and six months.

Ornate and Three-toed Box Turtles may rarely hybridize where they are sympatric Cureton (2011). The normal color and pattern variation within each species is extensive, and extremes are not infrequently labeled as hybrids. Molecular studies are required to determine their exact identity.

References

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Collins, Joseph T. and Suzanne L. Collins. 1993. Amphibians and Reptiles in Kansas. Third Edition. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Lawrence. 397 pp.

Collins, Joseph T. and Rundquist, Eric M. 1993. Results of the fifth Kansas herp count held during April-June 1993 . Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (94):7-11.

Viets, Brian E. 1993. An annotated list of the herpetofauna of the F. B., and Rena G. Ross Natural History Reservation. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 96(1/2):103-113.

Ellner, Lisa R., and William H. Karasov. 1993. Latitudinal variation in thermal biology of Ornate Box Turtles. Copeia 1993(2):447-455.

Ernst, Carl H., John E. Lovich, and Roger W. Barbour. 1994. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C.

Collins, Joseph T. 1994. New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 1993. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (97):15-19.

Rundquist, Eric M. 1994. Results of the sixth annual KHS herp counts held 1 April-31 May 1994. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (97):5-14.

Riedle, J. Daren. 1994. A survey of reptiles and amphibians at Montgomery County State Fishing Lake. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (98):11-13.

Rundquist, Eric M. 1994. Additions and corrections [to the results of the sixth annual KHS herp counts held 1 April-31 May 1994]. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (98):4.

Holman, J. Alan. 1995. Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles. Oxford University Press, New York. 243 pp.

Trail, Cynthia D. 1995. Natural history and habitat use of the Ornate Box Turtle, Terrapene ornata ornata, at a mixed-grass prairie in southwest Nebraska. Thesis. University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska. 68 pp.

Curtin, Charles G. 1995. Latitudinal gradients in biophysical constraints: Implications for species response to shifting land-use and climate. Dissertation. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. 71 pp.

St, Clair, Robert C. 1995. How developmental environment affects life history in box turtles. Dissertation. University of Oklahoma, Norman. 93 pp.

Anderson, Lewis, Mark Shaw, Jeff Blodig, and Tom Walker. 1995. Report to the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks: Herps encountered during REmap project, summer 1994. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (99):10-17.

Rundquist, Eric M. 1995. Results of the seventh annual KHS herp counts held 1 April-31 May 1995. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (101):11-17.

Rundquist, Eric M. 1995. Additional KHS herp counts for 1995. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (102):11-.

Miller, Larry L. 1996. Results of the KHS 1995 fall field trip. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (103):3.

Rundquist, Eric M. 1996. Results of the eighth annual KHS herp counts Held 1 April-31 May 1996. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (104):6-17.

Miller, Larry L. 1996. Third graders conduct amphibian and reptile field study. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (106):15.

Miller, Larry L. 1996. Many amphibian and reptile species identified during KHS 1996 fall field trip to Wabaunsee County. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (106):2-3.

Rakestraw, J. 1996. Spring herp counts: A Kansas tradition. Reptile & Amphibian Magazine (March-April):75-80.

Nieuwolt, P. M. 1996. Movement, activity, and microhabitat selection in the Western Box Turtle, Terrapene ornata luteola, in New Mexico. Herpetologica 52:487-495.

Minx, Patrick. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships among the box turtles, genus Terrapene. Herpetologica 52(4):584-597.

Rundquist, Eric M. 1997. Results of the ninth annual KHS herp counts held 1 April-31 May 1997. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (108):12-17.

Rundquist, Eric M. 1997. Addendum to 1997 KHS herp counts. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (109):14-15.

Collins, Joseph T. 1997. A report on the KHS fall field trip to the Marais des Cygnes wildlife refuges. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (110):2-3.

Conant, Roger and Joseph T. Collins. 1998. Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. 3rd ed, expanded. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts.

Powell, Robert, Joseph T Collins, and Errol D Hooper Jr. 1998. A Key to Amphibians & Reptiles of the Continental United States and Canada. Univ Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 131 pp.

Gamble, Jerre. 1998. Marais des Cygnes National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hartford, Kansas. 91 pp.

Rundquist, Eric M. 1998. Results of the tenth annual KHS herp counts for 1998, held 1 April-31 May. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (112):11-18.

Rundquist, Eric M. 1998. KDWP herp sting so far nets nine on Kansas and Federal charges. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (112):5-6.

Beltz, Ellin. 1998. HerPET-POURRI. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 33(1):15-17.

Rundquist, Eric M. 1999. Kansas Herpetological Society herp counts: A 10 year summary and evaluation. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (115):42962.

Taggart, Travis W. 1999. Cherokee County fall 1999 herp count. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (117):6.

Beltz, Ellin. 1999. HerPet-Pourri. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 34(12):275-276.

Collins, Joseph T. 2000. New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 1999. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (119):7-9.

Taggart, Travis W. 2000. KHS spring field trip sets record for attendance. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (120):5-5.

Rundquist, Eric M. 2000. Results of the eleventh and twelfth annual KHS herpetofaunal counts for 1999-2000, held 1 April-31 May. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (122):11-16.

Taggart, Travis W. 2000. Results of the KHS 2000 fall field trip. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (122):6-8.

Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr. 2001. North American Box Turtles: A Natural History. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

Taggart, Travis W. 2001. The KHS 2001 spring field trip: A rainy rendezvous. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (124):12-14.

Schmidt, Curtis J. 2001. The amphibians, turtles, and reptiles of the Smoky Valley Ranch, Logan County, Kansas. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (124):9-11.

Taggart, Travis W. 2001. Results of the KHS spring field trip west. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (125):10.

Rundquist, Eric M. 2001. Results of the thirteenth annual KHS herp counts for 2001, held 1 April-30 June. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (125):13-16.

Kretzer, Justin E. and Jack F. Cully, Jr. 2001. Effects of Blacktailed Prairie Dogs on reptiles and amphibians in Kansas shortgrass prairie. Southwestern Naturalist 46(2):171-177.

Kazmaier, Richard T. and Robert J. Robel. 2001. Scute anomalies of Ornate Box Turtles in Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 104(3-4):178-182.

Kingsbury, Bruce and Joanna Gibson. 2002. Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Midwest. Publication of Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, Address not given. 152 pp.

Riedle, J. Daren and A. Hynek. 2002. Amphibian and reptile inventory of the Kansas Army Ammunition Plant, Labette County, Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (2):18-20.

Ellis, Mark R. 2002. Fall 2002 KHS field trip to Washington County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (2):4-5.

Taggart, Travis W. 2002. Results of the spring 2002 KHS field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (3):6-7.

Taggart, Travis W. 2002. Results of the KHS 2002 fall field Trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (4):11-13.

Miller, Larry L. 2002. Osage County herp count II. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (4):15.

Miller, Larry L. 2002. Sumner County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (4):15.

Freeman, Craig C. 2003. A natural areas inventory of the Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation, Leavenworth County, Kansas. II. Open-file Report No. 117. Kansas Biological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas. 199 pp.

Fogell, Daniel D. 2003. A herpetofaunal inventory of Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Homestead National Monument of America, and Pipestone National Monument within the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network. National Park Service, Washington, D.C.. 59 pp.

Holm, James A. 2003. Microhabitat properties, usage, spatial movements, and home ranges of the Ornate Box Turtle, Terrapene ornata, in the Monahans Sandhills of west Texas. Thesis. Angelo State University, San Angelo, Texas. 74 pp.

Suleiman, G. 2003. Fort Riley herpetofaunal count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (5):11-12.

Taggart, Travis W. 2003. KHS conducts first systematic road survey. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (6):11-12.

Taggart, Travis W. 2003. Results of the 2003 KHS spring field trip to Wilson County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (6):2-5.

Miller, Larry L. 2003. Sumner County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):10.

Miller, Larry L. and Suzanne L. Miller. 2003. Wakarusa herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):10.

Collins, Joseph T. 2003. Douglas County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):8.

Lokke, John L. and Jill Lokke. 2003. Cowley County herp count 2. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):8.

Taggart, Travis W. 2003. Logan County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):8.

Schmidt, Curtis J. 2004. Natural history and status of the exploited Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) in western Kansas and a herpetofaunal inventory of the Smoky Valley Ranch, Logan County, Kansas. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 170 pp.

Delisle, Jennifer M. and William H. Busby. 2004. Biological inventory for vertebrates at Fort Larned National Historic Site of the southern plains network. Natural Heritage Inventory, Kansas Biological Survey, Lawrence. 61 pp.

Taggart, Travis W. 2004. Kansas Herpetological Society 2004 spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (9):2.

Taggart, Travis W. 2004. Results of the 2004 KHS spring field trip to Logan County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (10):2-7.

Volkmann, Al. 2004. Cowley County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (11):10.

Miller, Larry L. 2004. Sumner County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (11):11-12.

Taggart, Travis W. 2004. Results of the KHS 2004 fall feld trip . Journal of Kansas Herpetology (12):15-16.

Taggart, Travis W. 2005. Results of the KHS 2005 fall field trip [to Crawford County]. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (16):19-21.

Converse, Sarah J., John B. Iverson, and Julie A. Savidge. 2005. Demographics of an Ornate Box Turtle population experiencing minimal human-induced disturbances. Ecological Applications 15(6):2171-2179.

Taggart, Travis W. 2006. Addendum report to biological inventory of the sandsage prairie near Holcomb, Kansas. Sunflower Electric Cooperative, Hays, Kansas. 31 pp.

Redder, Alan J., C. Kenneth Dodd, Jr., and Douglas Keinath, and Dave Mcdonald with Takeshi Ise. 2006. Ornate Box Turtle (Terrapene ornata ornata): A technical conservation assessment. Species Conservation Project. United States Department of Agriculture, Rocky Mountain Region. 55 pp.

Taggart, Travis W. 2006. Distribution and status of Kansas herpetofauna in need of information. State Wildlife Grant T7. Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, Pratt. vii + 106 pp.

Wilgers, Dustin J. and Eva A. Horne. 2006. Effects of different burn regimes on tallgrass prairie herpetofaunal species diversity and community composition in the Flint Hills, Kansas. Journal of Herpetology 40:73-84.

Wilgers, Dustin J., Eva A. Horne, Brett K. Sandercock, and Allan W. Volkmann. 2006. Effects of rangeland management on community dynamics of the herpetofauna of the tallgrass prairie. 62:378-388.

Taggart, Travis W., Joseph T. Collins, and Curtis J. Schmidt. 2007. Estimates of amphibian, reptile, and turtle mortality if Phostoxin is applied to 10,000 acres of prairie dog burrows in Logan County, Kansas. Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, Pratt. 5 pp.

Taggart, Travis W. 2007. A biological inventory of the Sunflower Electric Site near Holcomb, Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology 23:11-16.

Taggart, Travis W. 2008. KHS 2008 spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (25):2-3.

Hester, Joy M, Steven J Price, and Michael E. Dorcas. 2008. Effects of Relocation on Movements and Home Ranges of Eastern Box Turtles. Journal of Wildlife Management 72(3):772-777.

Murrow, Daniel G. 2009. KHS 2009 spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (29):42769.

Grant, Steven David. 2010. Spatial ecology and demography of the Ornate Box Turtle in a seasonally burned sand prairie matrix. Thesis. West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas. 163 pp.

Collins, Joseph T., Suzanne L. Collins, and Travis W. Taggart. 2010. Amphibians, Reptiles, and Turtles of Kansas. Eagle Mountain Publishing., Provo, Utah. 400 pp.

Murrow, Daniel G. 2010. Kansas Herpetological Society spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (33):2-3.

Collins, Joseph T., Suzanne L. Collins, and Travis W. Taggart. 2011. Amphibians, Reptiles, and Turtles of the Cimarron National Grassland, Kansas. Second (Revised) Edition. U. S. Forest Service.

Thatcher, Hank. 2011. The Great Turtle Race in Kansas. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, Indiana. 52 pp.

Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Kansas Herpetological Society 2011 spring field trip to be held in Chautauqua County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (37):5-7.

Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Results of the KHS Spring Field Trip to Chautauqua County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (38):2-4.

Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Results of the Kansas Herpetological Society 2011 Summer Field Trip to Scott State Park. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (39):2.

Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Results of the Kansas Herpetological Society 2011 Fall Field Trip to Lovewell State Park. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (39):4-5.

Cureton, James C. II, Anna B. Buchman, Raelynn Deaton, and William I. Lutterschmidt. 2011. Molecular analysis of hybridization between the Box Turtles Terrapene carolina and T. ornata. Copeia 2011(2):270-277.

Martin, Bradley T. 2012. Molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography of the American Box Turtles (Terrapene spp.). Thesis. University of Texas, Tyler, Texas.

Rohweder, Megan R. 2012. Spatial conservation prioritization of Kansas for terrestrial vertebrates. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 151 pp.

Powell, Robert, Joseph T Collins, and Errol D Hooper Jr. 2012. Key to the Herpetofauna of the Continental United States and Canada: Second Edition, Revised and Updated. Univ Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 152 pp.

Lee, David S. 2012. Hot tracks, fast turtles - The unforeseen consequences of well-intended turtle derbies. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 47(10):121-130.

Joyce, Walter G., Andrea Petricevic, Tyler R. Lyson, and Nicholas J. Czaplewski. 2012. A new box turtle from the Miocene/Pliocene boundary (Latest Hemphillian) of Oklahoma and a refined chronology of box turtle diversification. Journal of Paleontology 86(1):177-190.

Baldwin, Mary Kate. 2013. “Herps in Havensville” Herp Surveys. Collinsorum 2(3/4):10.

Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2012 Spring Field Trip to Bourbon County State Lake. Collinsorum 2(3/4):3.

Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2012 Summer Field Trip to Meade County State Park. Collinsorum 2(3/4):3.

Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2012 Fall Field Trip to Atchison County State Lake. Collinsorum 2(3/4):4.

Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2013 Spring Field Trip to Schermerhorn Park, Cherokee County. Collinsorum 2(3/4):4.

Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2013 Summer Field Trip to Coldwater Lake, Comanche County. Collinsorum 2(3/4):5.

Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2013 Fall Field Trip to Butler County State Lake. Collinsorum 2(3/4):6.

Mardis, Dexter and Kevin Scott. 2013. 2013 Kansas Herpetofaunal Counts. Collinsorum 2(3/4):7.

Seibert, Susan and William R. Belzer. 2013. Diverse movement patterns of North America's Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina L.). Part 1: Extremes of high and low site fidelity. Reptiles & Amphibians 20(2):53-54.

Johnson, Stephen R. 2013. Half-time herping on one big prairie. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 48(5):65-66.

Martin, Bradley T., Neil P.Bernstein, Roger D. Birkhead, Jim F.Koukl, Steven M.Mussmann, and John S. Placyk, Jr. 2013. Sequence-based molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography ofthe American box turtles (Terrapene spp.) with support from DNA barcoding. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68(1):119-134.

Martin, Bradley T., Neil P. Bernstein, Roger D. Birkhead, Jim F. Koukl, Steven M. Mussmann, and John S. Placyk, Jr. 2014. On the Reclassification of the Terrapene (Testudines: Emydidae): A Response to Fritz & Havaš. Zootaxa (3835):292–294.

Fritz, Uwe and Peter Havas. 2014. On the reclassification of Box Turtles (Terrapene): A response to Martin et al. (2014). Zootaxa (3835):295–298.

Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Results of the 2014 KHS Spring Field Trip to Barber County. Collinsorum 3(2-4):11.

Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Results of the 2014 KHS Fall Field Trip to Woodson County. Collinsorum 3(2-4):12.

Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Results of the 2014 KHS summer field trip to Morton County and adjacent Colorado, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. Collinsorum 3(2-4):12.

Brown, Kasandra A. 2015. Occupancy Modeling Of Herpetofauna And Grassland Nesting Birds At Quivira National Wildlife Refuge. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 72 pp.

Rhodin, Anders G. J., Scott Thomson, Georgios L. Georgalis, Hans-Volker Karl, Igo G. Danilov, Akio Takahashi, Marcelo S. de la fuente, Jason R. Bourque, Massimo Delfino, Roger Bour, John B. Iverson, H. Bradley Shaffer, and Peter Paul van Dijk. 2015. Turtles and tortoises of the world during the rise and global spread of humanity: First checklist and review of extinct pleistocene and holocene chelonians. Chelonian Research Monographs (5):66.

Taggart, Travis W. 2015. Spring Field Trip to the Greenhorn Limestone of Russell County. Collinsorum 4(3):2.

Taggart, Travis W. 2015. Summer Field Trip In The Harvey County Sandhills. Collinsorum 4(3):3.

Taggart, Travis W. 2015. Fall Field Trip Held In Washington County. Collinsorum 4(3):4.

Pittman, Galen L., Henry S. Fitch, and W. Dean Kettle. 2016. Vertebrate animals on the Fitch Natural History Reservation (1948-2002). Kansas Biological Survey Report Number 188, Lawrence. 48 pp.

Powell, Robert, Roger Conant, and Joseph T. Collins. 2016. Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston. 494 pp.

Taggart, Travis W. 2016. Results of the KHS Summer field trip to Caney River, Chautauqua County, Kansas. Collinsorum 5(2-3):4-5.

Taggart, Travis W. 2016. Results of the KHS ‘Fall’ field trip to Barber County. Collinsorum 5(2-3):6-7.

Dodd, C. Kenneth, V. Rolland, and M. K. Oli. 2016. Consequences of individual removal on persistence of a protected population of long-lived turtles. Animal Conservation 19:369-379.

Taggart, Travis W. and J. Daren Riedle. 2017. A Pocket Guide to Kansas Amphibians, Turtles and Lizards. Great Plains Nature Center, Wichita, Kansas. 69 pp.

Crother, Brian I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Eighth edition. Herpetological Circulars (43):1-102.

Mardis, Dexter R. 2017. Results from three Herpetofaunal tallies at Wichita State University’s Youngmeyer Ranch in Northwestern Elk County. Collinsorum 6(1):8-10.

Taggart, Travis W. 2017. Results of the 2017 KHS Spring Field Trip to Elk County, Kansas. Collinsorum 6(2-3):6-8.

Johnson, Stephen R. and Mary Stark. 2018. Diet of captive Three-toed Box Turtles and the potential to distribute seeds of American Ginseng. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 53(5):115-116.

Vlachos, Evangelos. 2018. A review of the fossil record of North American turtles of the clade Pan-Testudinoidea. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 59(1):3-94.

Powell, Robert, Joseph T Collins, and Errol D Hooper Jr. 2019. Key to the Herpetofauna of the Continental United States and Canada. Third Edition. Univ Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 192 pp.

Riedle, J. Daren. 2019. Conservation conversations: Coming at you like a herd of turtles. Kansas Wildlife and Parks Magazine July/August:15.

Daniel, Richard E. and Brian S. Edmond. 2020. Atlas of Missouri Amphibians and Reptiles for 2019. Privately printed, Columbia, Missouri. 86 pp.

Riedle, J. Daren. 2020. Revisiting Kansas Herpetological Society field trip and Herp Count data: Distributional patterns and trend data of Kansas amphibians and reptiles. Collinsorum 9(1):7-16.

Martin, Bradley T., Marlis R. Douglas, Tyler K. Chafin, John S. Placyk, Jr., Roger D. Birkhead, Christopher A. Phillips, and Michael E. Douglas. 2020. Contrasting signatures of introgression in North American box turtle (Terrapene spp.) contact zones. Molecular Ecology 29(21):4186-4202.

Hullinger, Allison, Zackary Cordes, Daren Riedle, and William Stark. 2020. Habitat assessment of the Broad-headed Skink (Plestiodon laticeps) and the associated squamate community in eastern Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 123(1-2):137-150.

Martin, Bradley T. 2021. Dynamics of hybrid zones at a continental scale. Dissertation. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas. 241 pp.

Rhodin, Anders G. J., John B. Iverson, Roger Bour, Uwe Fritz, Arthur Georges, H. Bradley Shaffer, and Peter Paul van Dijk. 2021. Turtles and tortoises of the world during the rise and global spread of humanity: First checklist and review of extinct pleistocene and holocene chelonians. Chelonian Research Monographs (8):1-472.

Taggart, Travis W and Sarah L Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Hamilton County: KHS-2020-10. Collinsorum 9(3):13.

Taggart, Travis W and Sarah L Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Morton County: KHS-2020-12. Collinsorum 9(3):13.

Riedle, J. Daren. 2021. Herp Count: Montgomery County: KHS-2020-20. Collinsorum 9(3):14.

Schmidt, Curtis J. 2021. Herp Count: Russell County: KHS-2020-19. Collinsorum 9(3):14.

Taggart, Travis W., Dan Fogell, and Christopher Visser. 2021. Herp Count: Russell County: KHS-2020-25. Collinsorum 9(3):15.

Martin, Bradley T., Tyler K. Chafin, Marlis R. Douglas, John S. Placyk Jr., Roger D. Birkhead, Christopher A. Phillips, and Michael E. Douglas. 2021. The choices we make and the impacts they have: Machine learning and species delimitation in North American box turtles (Terrapene spp.). Molecular Ecology Resources 21(8):2801-2817.

Thomson, Robert C., Phillip Q. Spinks, and H. Bradley Shaffer. 2021. A global phylogeny of turtles reveals a burst of climate-associated diversification on continental margins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118(7):1-10.

Russell, Elisabeth. 2023. Habitat associations and fine-scale movements of the Red-spotted Toad (Anaxyrus punctatus) in Kansas and the efficacy of remote telemetry for monitoring small-scale movements. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 81 pp.

Reed, Benjamin M., Kaylyn Hobelman, Aubrey Gauntt, Madison Schwenka, Abigail Trautman, Patience Wagner, Samantha Kim, Chelsea Armstrong, Samuel Wagner, Amelia Weller, Katie Brighton, Shelby Bloom, Colin Nelson, Farah Suboh, Cameron Kolthoff, Sangai Dukuly, Rodrigo J. Mercader, and Daniel F. Hughes. 2023. Spatiotemporal variation of behavior and repeatability in a long-lived turtle. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 77(88).

Hughes, Daniel F., Matthew C. Allender, Neil P. Bernstein, John B. Iverson, Cameron Kolthoff, Bradley T. Martin, Walter E. Meshaka, Jr., and Benjamin M. Reed. 2024. Terrapene ornata (Agassiz 1857) – Ornate Box Turtle, Plains Box Turtle, Western Box Turtle, Desert Box Turtle, Tortuga de Caja Ornamentada.. Number 5 (Installment 18) 2024: Account 126. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(18):126.1–40.

Heeb, Alex B., Christine Light, Will F. Hanson-Regan, Gina L. Buelow, Jacob B. Heeb, Bruce R. Wolhuter, Aaron F. Ellison, Daisy R. Ellison, Daniel S. Whitney, Jacqui A. Gibson, Dan E. Carpenter, Madeline R. Smith, Shareena K. Schiffelbein, Thaniel P Bentz, Beck S. Lister, Emily N. Melgren, Valerie N. Vester, Alan J. Bartels, Hannah L. Clark, Cailin M. Vermillion, E. O. Jones, Laura C. Priest, Elizabeth I. Houchin, Karoline W. Weston, Lisa M. Prowant, and Holly L. Lackey. 2024. Turtle races: A threat to wild turtle populations? Herpetological Review 55(1):11-18.

Last Updated: 07/08/2024 1:39:18 PM CT

THE CENTER FOR NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY — Accessed: Tuesday 09 June 2026 13:11 CT