The Prairie Lizard is characterized by four limbs, an ear opening on each side of the head, rough, raised scales on its body, and a lack of horns sticking out of the back of its head. The head, body, limbs, and tail vary from gray to brown, with a pattern of narrow, dark irregular crossbands, dark spots, or dark and light stripes on the back. The belly and throat are gray-white, sometimes with bright bluish green or blue patches on each side. These patches are more brilliant in males and indistinct or absent in females. Females grow larger than males.
Two geographically distinct color patterns occur in Kansas.
Those populations in southeast Kansas (Cross Timbers of Chautauqua and Montgomery counties), Ozark Plateau (Cherokee County), and an isolated population in north-central Crawford County have a gray-to-brown background with thin dark brown zig-zag transverse dorsal bands (chevrons) on their back, and diffuse light striping along each side of the back and between the limbs. Specimens from the SE Kansas populations grow much larger than the species does elsewhere in the state. Individuals from these populations attain a greater maximum size than the species does elsewhere in the state.
Elsewhere in Kansas, the light side stripes are much more distinct and with greater contrast. Between the light stripe are two darker brown stripes (often spotted or speckled with black and white) and a bluish-gray stripe that starts behind the head and extends onto the tail.
Males in both populations have blue scales along the sides of their bellies during the spring breeding season. The young are patterned similarity to the adults, but often less distinctly.
Adults normally 90-180 mm (3½-7 inches) in total length. The largest specimen from Kansas, sex undetermined, (FHSM 4254) is from Cherokee County with a snout-vent length of 75 mm and total length of 165 mm (6¼ inches) was collected by L. H. Panks on 29 April 1967. The maximum length throughout the range is 190.5 mm (7½ inches) (Powell et al., 2016).
This species is most common in areas of rangeland and along sandy riparian corridors. In many areas, it is absent or rare, and most populations are somewhat localized. In the Cross Timbers, Ozark Plateau, and north-central Crawford County it is found in open woodland and woodland edge (usually in association with surface rocks).
There are records over much of western Missouri, south of the Missouri River (Daniel and Edmond, 2018). Many records approach within 10 miles of Kansas, near Johnson, Miami, Cherokee, and Bourbon counties. This species may eventually be discovered in Bourbon, Linn, and Miami counties.
The record for Anderson County (Collins, 1982) lacks specific locality information and is over 80 years old, and field work over the last two decades has not resulted in new records from that area. In addition, the records for Douglas County (Collins, 1982), most of which are over 40 years old, are possibly the result of downriver rafting during flooding (Heger and Sherrin, 1991) which apparently did not result in successful establishment of this lizard. Collins (1993) omitted both of those records pending the discovery of additional specimens.
Commonly referred to as 'Fence Lizard', because they can often be seen perched atop wooden or stone fence posts as they bask and survey the area for predators and food.
Werth (1972) and Platt (1985) studied this lizard in Kansas, and some of my information is from their observations. The Prairie Lizard lives in a wide variety of habitats. In eastern Kansas, it prefers dry, open forests and readily climbs trees to escape enemies. In southcentral western Kansas, this lizard inhabits low, sandy regions and frequently is found along sandstone and limestone outcrops.
Prairie Lizards are active from March to October at temperatures above 70°F. During winter months, they burrow beneath the ground to avoid cold temperatures. This lizard is active during the day and in western Kansas has a small home range of one-tenth of an acre. Each male generally has a harem of two to three females within his territory. When disturbed near trees, this lizard climbs quickly, always keeping the trunk between it and the disturbance.
William L. Hoyle (Burt and Hoyle, 1935) observed individuals on 30 April 1933 in Cowley county, Kansas. When approached, the lizards darted for shelter in holes at the base of the yucca plants.
The Prairie Lizard spends much time basking on logs and rocks and looking for food. In western Kansas, it appears to be active from 1100 to 1300 hours, avoids the extreme midday heat, and is again active from 1500 to 1700 hours.
Hartman (1906) reported that they are often found climbing weeds or brush, and discovered one on a sunflower stalk three feet off the ground. They are active by day and usually sleep close to their perch each night. They eat small invertebrates and in turn are preyed upon by mammals, birds, other reptiles, and a few larger invertebrates. Hartman (1906) examined five specimens from Kansas, that had eaten grasshoppers (mostly nymphs), ground-beetles, and leaf-hoppers.
DeMarco et al. (1985) dissected 55 wild-caught specimens from Stafford County and recorded the following prey items (in decreasing abundance): Formicidae (ants), Coleoptera (beetles), Homoptera (plant-hoppers), Hemiptera (true bugs), Diptera (flies), Araneida (orb weavers), Collembola (springtails), Orthoptera (grasshoppers), Hymenoptera (bees), Neuroptera (lacewings), Lepidoptera (moths), and Gastropoda (snails).
Werth (1972) and Fitch (1970) investigated the breeding of the Prairie Lizard in Kansas. Breeding occurs during the warm months from May to August, and females probably produce two or three clutches of eggs per season. Courtship involves the male quickly approaching the female, mounting her, and curling his hindquarters beneath her tail until their cloacae meet and copulation occurs. An average of seven eggs (Fitch, 1985) are laid in nests beneath the ground in loose soil and hatch in about two months. A female from Barber County laid five eggs on 18 May (Eric M. Rundquist, pers. comm. 1989; Collins, 1993).
Predators of this lizard include larger lizards, snakes, birds, and small mammals. Knight and Collins (1977) reported predation on this lizard by a Milk Snake in Cheyenne County.
The first possible reference to the Prairie Lizard in present-day Kansas was made by Cope (1860) commenting on a specimen "... obtained in a collection made between Fort Riley and Pike's Peak, Kansas." At a time when Kansas Territory stretched west to the continental divide. Cragin (1880) definitely reports it from Kansas based on a specimen in the United States National Museum from Riley County, and another collected by Kansas State University entomologist Edwin A. Popenoe near Rooks County. Neither of these specimens is currently known. The oldest existing specimen from Kansas is Field Museum of Natural History (FHSM 17046) collected in Seward County on 9 May 1904. Another series of four specimens (FMNH 17047-50) were collected the same day in Reno County.
Populations in the Cross Timbers, Ozark Plateau, and north-central Crawford County are markedly different in size, coloration, and pattern from populations elsewhere in the state (see Description above).
Based on a captive specimen, Snider and Bowler (1992) reported a maximum longevity for this species of one year, one month, and four days.
References
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Miller, Larry L. and M. Williams. 2002. Geographic distribution: Sceloporus consobrinus. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (3):13.
Taggart, Travis W. 2002. Results of the spring 2002 KHS field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (3):6-7.
Miller, Larry L. 2002. Sumner County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (4):15.
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Collins, Joseph T. 2003. New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 2002. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (5):13-16.
Taggart, Travis W. 2003. Kansas Herpetological Society 2003 spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (5):3-4.
Platt, Dwight R. 2003. Lizards and snakes (Order Squamata) of Harvey County, Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (6):13-20.
Miller, Larry L. 2003. Sumner County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):10.
Taggart, Travis W. 2003. Logan County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):8.
Schmidt, Curtis J. 2004. Natural history and status of the exploited Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) in western Kansas and a herpetofaunal inventory of the Smoky Valley Ranch, Logan County, Kansas. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 170 pp.
Delisle, Jennifer M. and William H. Busby. 2004. Biological inventory for vertebrates at Fort Larned National Historic Site of the southern plains network. Natural Heritage Inventory, Kansas Biological Survey, Lawrence. 61 pp.
Taggart, Travis W. 2004. Kansas Herpetological Society 2004 spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (9):2.
Taggart, Travis W. 2004. Results of the 2004 KHS spring field trip to Logan County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (10):2-7.
Miller, Larry L. 2004. Sumner County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (11):11-12.
Taggart, Travis W. 2004. Results of the KHS 2004 fall feld trip . Journal of Kansas Herpetology (12):15-16.
Busby, William H., Joseph T. Collins, and G. Suleiman. 2005. The Snakes, Lizards, Turtles, and Amphibians of Fort Riley and Vicinity. 2nd (revised) ed. Kansas Biological Survey, Lawrence.
Taggart, Travis W., Curtis J. Schmidt, and Richard S. Hayes. 2005. Geographic distribution: Sceloporus consobrinus. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (13):10.
Schmidt, Curtis J. and Travis W. Taggart. 2005. Life history: Sceloporus consobrinus. New state maximum length. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (14):10.
Bartlett, Richard D. and Patricia P. Bartlett. 2006. Guide and Reference to the Crocodilians, Turtles, and Lizards of Eastern and Central North America (North of Mexico). University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Taggart, Travis W. 2006. Distribution and status of Kansas herpetofauna in need of information. State Wildlife Grant T7. Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, Pratt. vii + 106 pp.
Taggart, Travis W., Joseph T. Collins, and Curtis J. Schmidt. 2007. Estimates of amphibian, reptile, and turtle mortality if Phostoxin is applied to 10,000 acres of prairie dog burrows in Logan County, Kansas. Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, Pratt. 5 pp.
Taggart, Travis W. 2008. KHS 2008 spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (25):2-3.
Leaché, Adam D. 2009. Species tree discordance traces to phylogeographic clade boundaries in North American Fence Lizards (Sceloporus). Systematic Biology 58(6):547-559.
Collins, Joseph T., Suzanne L. Collins, and Travis W. Taggart. 2010. Amphibians, Reptiles, and Turtles of Kansas. Eagle Mountain Publishing., Provo, Utah. 400 pp.
Collins, Joseph T., Suzanne L. Collins, and Travis W. Taggart. 2011. Amphibians, Reptiles, and Turtles of the Cimarron National Grassland, Kansas. Second (Revised) Edition. U. S. Forest Service.
Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Kansas Herpetological Society 2011 spring field trip to be held in Chautauqua County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (37):5-7.
Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Results of the KHS Spring Field Trip to Chautauqua County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (38):2-4.
Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Results of the Kansas Herpetological Society 2011 Summer Field Trip to Scott State Park. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (39):2.
Rohweder, Megan R. 2012. Spatial conservation prioritization of Kansas for terrestrial vertebrates. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 151 pp.
Powell, Robert, Joseph T Collins, and Errol D Hooper Jr. 2012. Key to the Herpetofauna of the Continental United States and Canada: Second Edition, Revised and Updated. Univ Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 152 pp.
Hamilton, Bryan Tyler, Rachel Hart, and Jack W. Sites Jr. 2012. Feeding ecology of the Milksnake (Lampropeltis triangulum, Colubridae) in the western United States. Journal of Herpetology 46(4):515-522.
Dixon, James R. 2013. Amphibians and Reptiles of Texas: With Keys, Taxonomic Synopses, Bibliography, and Distribution Maps. Third Edition, Revised and Updated. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas. 460 pp.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2012 Summer Field Trip to Meade County State Park. Collinsorum 2(3/4):3.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2013 Spring Field Trip to Schermerhorn Park, Cherokee County. Collinsorum 2(3/4):4.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2013 Summer Field Trip to Coldwater Lake, Comanche County. Collinsorum 2(3/4):5.
Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Results of the 2014 KHS Spring Field Trip to Barber County. Collinsorum 3(2-4):11.
Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Results of the 2014 KHS summer field trip to Morton County and adjacent Colorado, New Mexico,
and Oklahoma. Collinsorum 3(2-4):12.
Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Recent scientific and standard English name changes effecting the Kansas herpetofauna. Collinsorum 3(2-4):9-10.
Brown, Kasandra A. 2015. Occupancy Modeling Of Herpetofauna And Grassland Nesting Birds At Quivira National Wildlife Refuge. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 72 pp.
Taggart, Travis W. 2015. Spring Field Trip to the Greenhorn Limestone of Russell County. Collinsorum 4(3):2.
Powell, Robert, Roger Conant, and Joseph T. Collins. 2016. Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston. 494 pp.
Taggart, Travis W. 2016. Spring 2016 KHS field trip to Clark County was a soggy success. Collinsorum 5(2-3):2-3.
Taggart, Travis W. 2016. Results of the KHS ‘Fall’ field trip to Barber County. Collinsorum 5(2-3):6-7.
Taggart, Travis W. and J. Daren Riedle. 2017. A Pocket Guide to
Kansas Amphibians,
Turtles and Lizards. Great Plains Nature Center, Wichita, Kansas. 69 pp.
Crother, Brian I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Eighth edition. Herpetological Circulars (43):1-102.
Taggart, Travis W. 2017. Herp Count: Clark County State Lake. Collinsorum 6(2-3):9.
Daniel, Richard E. and Brian S. Edmond. 2018. Atlas of Missouri Amphibians and Reptiles for 2017. Privately printed, Columbia, Missouri.. 85 pp.
Powell, Robert, Joseph T Collins, and Errol D Hooper Jr. 2019. Key to the Herpetofauna of the Continental United States and Canada. Third Edition. Univ Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 192 pp.
Daniel, Richard E. and Brian S. Edmond. 2020. Atlas of Missouri Amphibians and Reptiles for 2019. Privately printed, Columbia, Missouri. 86 pp.
Riedle, J. Daren. 2020. Revisiting Kansas Herpetological Society field trip and Herp Count data:
Distributional patterns and trend data of Kansas amphibians and reptiles. Collinsorum 9(1):7-16.
Hullinger, Allison, Zackary Cordes, Daren Riedle, and William Stark. 2020. Habitat assessment of the Broad-headed Skink (Plestiodon laticeps)
and the associated squamate community in eastern Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 123(1-2):137-150.
Taggart, Travis W and Sarah L Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Cherokee County: KHS-2020-02. Collinsorum 9(3):11-12.
Mardis, Dexter R. 2021. Herp Count: Sumner County: KHS-2020-08. Collinsorum 9(3):12-13.
Taggart, Travis W and Sarah L Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Morton County: KHS-2020-12. Collinsorum 9(3):13.
Taggart, Travis W and Sarah L Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Comanche County: KHS-2020-15. Collinsorum 9(3):13-14.
Falcon, Melanie. 2021. Herp Count: McPherson County: KHS-2020-17. Collinsorum 9(3):14.
Schmidt, Curtis J. 2021. Herp Count: Russell County: KHS-2020-19. Collinsorum 9(3):14.
Taggart, Meg, Amelia Jaeger, Jesse J. Taggart, and Travis W. Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Ellis County: KHS-2020-21. Collinsorum 9(3):14.
Taggart, Megan M. and Travis W. Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Seward County: KHS-2020-27. Collinsorum 9(3):15.
Taggart, Travis W., Dan Fogell, and Christopher Visser. 2021. Herp Count: Russell County: KHS-2020-25. Collinsorum 9(3):15.
Russell, Elisabeth. 2023. Habitat associations and fine-scale movements of the Red-spotted Toad (Anaxyrus punctatus) in Kansas and the efficacy of remote telemetry for monitoring small-scale movements. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 81 pp.