Boreal Chorus Frogs are characterized by moist skin, a round snout, a light line along the upper lips, and five dark stripes or rows of spots on the back and sides. The head, body, and limbs are gray or gray-brown. The stripes on the back and sides and bands on the limbs are dark gray or black. A dark gray or black stripe passes through the eyes on each side of the head. In addition, there may be a similarly colored dark triangle between the eyes. The belly is white, sometimes with a few dark flecks or spots. Females grow larger than males, and males have a dark gray or brown throat during the breeding season. The ground color of a cold specimen is much darker and may approach the color of the spots. The ground color will lighten appreciably as the frog warms up.
Adults normally 19-39 mm (¾-1½ inches) in snout-vent length. The largest Kansas specimen is a female (KU 184955) from Douglas County with a snout-vent length of 39 mm (1½ inches) collected by Steven M. Roble on 2 April 1980. This is the maximum length throughout the range (Powell, Conant, and Collins 2016).
Found statewide except for the extreme southwestern corner.
These frogs are found in a wide variety of habitats: damp meadows and pastures, along streams and ditches, around the edges of temporary or permanent ponds and lakes, on floodplains, and in moist woods. They are active throughout most of the year, weather permitting. Like many frogs, they retire into underground burrows of other animals during weather extremes or when living in marginal habitat.
Like other chorus frogs, they are seldom found outside of the breeding season as they seek refuge under cover and only emerge after rains or humid nights to forage for small invertebrates. According to Fitch (1956), these species in northeastern Kansas are active earlier in the spring than any other frog or toad. In Osage County, Clarke (1958) found these frogs active at a temperature range of 4.4-32.2°C (40-90°F). Taggart (1992) found a single adult active beneath a pile of tumbleweeds in Trego County on 23 December at an air temperature of 3.3°C (38°F).
Boreal Chorus Frogs breed chiefly during March and April but also take advantage of summer rains to chorus and mate (Heinrich and Kaufman, 1985; Irwin and Collins, 1987; Simon and Dorlac, 1990). After the first rains of February or early March, male frogs congregate in roadside ditches, small ponds, lakes, marshes, or swamps, or along slow-moving streams, and begin chorusing to attract females. Choruses may occur at temperatures as low as 1.7°C (35°F). A male mounts a female, clasping her behind her front limbs, and the eggs are deposited and fertilized in water. Each female may lay from 100 to 1,500 eggs in small clutches varying in number from five to 300. The egg clutches are attached to plant stems in the water and hatch in about two weeks. The free-swimming tadpoles metamorphose within two months.
Heinrich and Kaufman (1985) reported egg clutches of 223 and 294, respectively, for two females on the Konza Prairie near Manhattan; they were deposited in clumps ranging from 5 to 157 eggs. A female collected in Pratt County laid 1,169 eggs in thirteen clumps; the largest clump contained 198 eggs (Scott Hillard, pers. comm. 1986; Collins, 1993).
Fitch (1958), in his intensive study of vertebrates in northeastern Kansas, observed wide fluctuations in abundance of these frogs, apparently correlated with breeding success the previous season. He considered rain a necessity before males would travel to breeding sites in the spring. At night, on 6 June, he observed swarms of newly metamorphosed young leaving a breeding pond after heavy rain, some having migrated 200 yards up a woodland slope by the following morning.
Cragin (1881) reported these species eating grubs, beetles, and spiders. Hartman (1906) recorded predation on spiders as well as finding algae and ants in the stomachs of four young specimens and spiders from two adult individuals. Smith (1934) stated that these frogs probably feed on aquatic and semiaquatic insects.
Predators include large birds, small mammals, snakes,and other frogs. Gloyd (1928) found a Western Chorus Frog being swallowed by a Leopard Frog in Franklin County.
The Boreal Chorus Frog was first reported in Kansas by Coues and Yarrow, (1878) based on specimens in the 'Natural Museum' (presumably the United States National Museum) at that time. Cope (1889) lists USNM 3307 from the Blue River, Kansas, but the USNM catalog shows no data for that number. The earliest existing specimen (USNM 45921) is from Onaga, Pottawatomie County, and was collected (collector unknown) sometime in 1891.
An extremely observably abundant amphibian during following late winter and spring rains. At other times of the year, this species is seldom encountered, and can most often be found crossing roads on rainy nights while foraging.
Platz (1989) demonstrated the presence of both the Boreal Chorus Frog (Pseudacris maculata) and the Western Chorus Frog (Pseudacris triseriata) in Kansas. He determined that both species were present in Cloud and Douglas counties but the distribution elsewhere in the state was uncertain because the two species were so similar in appearance.
Subsequently Moriarty and Cannatella (2004), Moriarty (2007), and Moriarty et al. (2008) found that Pseudacris clarkii and Pseudacris maculata were not reciprocally monophyletic.
The Cajun Chorus Frog Pseudacris fouquettei approaches the southern border of Kansas (Moriarty and Cannatella (2004), Moriarty (2007), and Moriarty et al. (2008)) and may be hybridizing with the the Boreal Chorus Frog between Chautauqua and Crawford counties. Pseudacris fouquettei is the sister species of P. nigrita.
References
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Anonymous. 1999. Gerlanc studies Western Chorus Frogs on Konza Prairie. Kansas Maps and Gaps 3(1):9.
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Rundquist, Eric M. 2000. Results of the eleventh and twelfth annual KHS herpetofaunal counts for 1999-2000, held 1 April-31 May. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (122):11-16.
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Rundquist, Eric M. 2001. Results of the thirteenth annual KHS herp counts for 2001, held 1 April-30 June. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (125):13-16.
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Taggart, Travis W. 2003. KHS conducts first systematic road survey. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (6):11-12.
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Burr, Andrew. 2003. Coffey County herp count 1. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):7.
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Gubanyi, James E. 2004. Osage County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (11):11.
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Moriarty-Lemmon, Emily. 2007. Patterns and Processes of Speciation in North American Chorus Frogs (Pseudacris). Dissertation. University of Texas, Austin. 304 pp.
Taggart, Travis W., Joseph T. Collins, and Curtis J. Schmidt. 2007. Estimates of amphibian, reptile, and turtle mortality if Phostoxin is applied to 10,000 acres of prairie dog burrows in Logan County, Kansas. Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, Pratt. 5 pp.
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Murrow, Daniel G. 2009. KHS 2009 spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (29):42769.
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Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Kansas Herpetological Society 2011 spring field trip to be held in Chautauqua County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (37):5-7.
Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Results of the Kansas Herpetological Society 2011 Summer Field Trip to Scott State Park. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (39):2.
Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Results of the Kansas Herpetological Society 2011 Fall Field Trip to Lovewell State Park. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (39):4-5.
McMartin, D. Chris. 2011. Herp Count: Fort Leavenworth Herpetofaunal Survey for 2011. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (39):8-9.
Houck, Mike. 2011. Fort Riley Herpetofaunal Survey for 2011. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (39):9.
Rohweder, Megan R. 2012. Spatial conservation prioritization of Kansas for terrestrial vertebrates. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 151 pp.
Powell, Robert, Joseph T Collins, and Errol D Hooper Jr. 2012. Key to the Herpetofauna of the Continental United States and Canada: Second Edition, Revised and Updated. Univ Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 152 pp.
Dodd, C. Kenneth. 2013. Frogs of the United States and Canada. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 982 pp.
Bass, Neil. 2013. The Missouri River Fish and Wildlife Mitigation Project: For the river, for you, and for herps. Collinsorum 2(1/2):10-11.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2012 Spring Field Trip to Bourbon County State Lake. Collinsorum 2(3/4):3.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2013 Spring Field Trip to Schermerhorn Park, Cherokee County. Collinsorum 2(3/4):4.
Mardis, Dexter and Kevin Scott. 2013. 2013 Kansas Herpetofaunal Counts. Collinsorum 2(3/4):7.
Brown, Lauren E. and Evan S. Brown. 2014. A new genus of fossil frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae) from
the Miocene of the northern Great Plains (USA), with a
commentary on vertebrate diversity. Life: The Excitement of Biology 2(3):136-.
Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Results of the 2014 KHS Spring Field Trip to Barber County. Collinsorum 3(2-4):11.
Barrow, Lisa N., Hannah F. Ralicki, Sandra A. Emme, Emily Moriarty Lemmon. 2014. Species tree estimation of North American chorus frogs (Hylidae: Pseudacris) with parallel tagged amplicon sequencing. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 75:78-90.
Brown, Kasandra A. 2015. Occupancy Modeling Of Herpetofauna And Grassland Nesting Birds At Quivira National Wildlife Refuge. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 72 pp.
Bass, Neil. 2015. Herpetological (Frog and Turtle) Inventories along the Missouri River in Kansas. Collinsorum 4(1):5-9.
Taggart, Travis W. 2015. Spring Field Trip to the Greenhorn Limestone of Russell County. Collinsorum 4(3):2.
Taggart, Travis W. 2015. Summer Field Trip In The Harvey County Sandhills. Collinsorum 4(3):3.
Pittman, Galen L., Henry S. Fitch, and W. Dean Kettle. 2016. Vertebrate animals on the Fitch Natural History Reservation (1948-2002). Kansas Biological Survey Report Number 188, Lawrence. 48 pp.
Powell, Robert, Roger Conant, and Joseph T. Collins. 2016. Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston. 494 pp.
Smith, Jennifer N. and Dexter Mardis. 2016. Early season breeding activity in Plains Leopard Frog (Lithobates blairi) in Kansas. Collinsorum 5(1):5.
Taggart, Travis W. 2016. Spring 2016 KHS field trip to Clark County was a soggy success. Collinsorum 5(2-3):2-3.
Snyder, Ariel. 2017. Survey Of Anuran Chytrid (Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis) in Kansas and the Influence of
Anuran Life History in Occurrence. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 53 pp.
Taggart, Travis W. and J. Daren Riedle. 2017. A Pocket Guide to
Kansas Amphibians,
Turtles and Lizards. Great Plains Nature Center, Wichita, Kansas. 69 pp.
Crother, Brian I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Eighth edition. Herpetological Circulars (43):1-102.
Rader, Jennifer. 2017. Early chorusing activity for some Kansas anurans. Collinsorum 6(1):16.
Mardis, Dexter R. 2017. Results from three Herpetofaunal tallies at Wichita State University’s Youngmeyer Ranch in Northwestern
Elk County. Collinsorum 6(1):8-10.
Taggart, Travis W. 2017. Results of the 2017 KHS Spring Field Trip to Elk County, Kansas. Collinsorum 6(2-3):6-8.
Taggart, Travis W. 2017. Herp Count: Northeast Barton County. Collinsorum 6(2-3):9.
Houck, Mike. 2018. Herp Count: Fort Riley Military Installation. Collinsorum 7(1):17.
Powell, Robert, Joseph T Collins, and Errol D Hooper Jr. 2019. Key to the Herpetofauna of the Continental United States and Canada. Third Edition. Univ Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 192 pp.
Daniel, Richard E. and Brian S. Edmond. 2020. Atlas of Missouri Amphibians and Reptiles for 2019. Privately printed, Columbia, Missouri. 86 pp.
Riedle, J. Daren. 2020. Revisiting Kansas Herpetological Society field trip and Herp Count data:
Distributional patterns and trend data of Kansas amphibians and reptiles. Collinsorum 9(1):7-16.
Banker, Sarah E., Alan R. Lemmon, Alyssa Bigelow Hassinger, Mysia Dye, Sean D. Holland, Michelle L. Kortyna, Oscar E. Ospina, Hannah Ralicki, and Emily Moriarty Lemmon. 2020. Hierarchical hybrid enrichment: Multitiered genomic data collection across evolutionary scales, with application to Chorus Frogs (Pseudacris). Systematic Biology 69(4):756-773.
Hullinger, Allison, Zackary Cordes, Daren Riedle, and William Stark. 2020. Habitat assessment of the Broad-headed Skink (Plestiodon laticeps)
and the associated squamate community in eastern Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 123(1-2):137-150.
Wright, Jake T. 2021. Amphibian larvae distribution amongst intermittent
stream pools in the flint hills covaries with vegetation and fish colonization. Thesis. Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas. 55 pp.
Taggart, Travis W and Sarah L Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Neosho County: KHS-2020-01. Collinsorum 9(3):11.
Taggart, Travis W and Sarah L Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Cherokee County: KHS-2020-02. Collinsorum 9(3):11-12.
Riedle, J. Daren, Tamera D. Riedle, Zachary Riedle, and Greya Riedle. 2021. Herp Count: Pratt County: KHS-2020-05. Collinsorum 9(3):12.
Riedle, J. Daren. 2021. Herp Count: Pratt County: KHS-2020-07. Collinsorum 9(3):12.
Taggart, Travis W. 2021. Herp Count: Russell County: KHS-2020-24. Collinsorum 9(3):14-15.
Ethier, Jeffery P., Aurore Fayard, Peter Soroye, Daeun Choi, Marc. J. Mazerolle, and Vance L. Trudeau. 2021. Life history traits and reproductive ecology
of North American chorus frogs of the genus
Pseudacris (Hylidae). Frontiers in Zoology 18(40):18.
Goldberg, Stephen R. 2021. Notes on reproduction of the Boreal Chorus Frog, Pseudacris maculata
(Anura: Hylidae), from Colorado. Sonoran Herpetologist 34(3):66-69.
Buckardt, Emma M. 2022. Amphibian Occupancy and Diversity on a Post-mined Landscape. Thesis. Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas. 93 pp.
McClintock, Corral M. and Keith Geluso. 2022. Geographic distribution: Pseudacris maculata. USA, Kansas. Herpetological Review 53(1):73-4.
Dodd, C. Kenneth. 2023. Frogs of the United States and Canada. Second Edition. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 1032 pp.
Buckardt, Emma M., Christine C. Rega‑Brodsky, and Andrew D. George. 2023. Post‑mined wetlands provide breeding habitat for amphibians. Wetlands 43(75):1-11.