This is the longest lizard in Kansas. No other limbless reptile in Kansas has eyelids or external ear openings. The Slender Glass Lizard is the largest lizard in Kansas and is characterized by a lack of limbs and an ear opening on each side of the head. This lizard is often mistakenly identified as a snake because it has no limbs, but its ear openings and eyelids that close distinguish it from snakes. Slender Glass Lizards are brown with dark stripes on the back and sides. The belly is white. The tail of this lizard makes up two-thirds of its entire length, but many of these lizards have much shorter, broken tails. Older adult males have white flecks and black speckling on the tan dorsolateral part of the body, particularly the anterior half, and grow larger than females. Females generally lack the dorsolateral markings, and in young males they are subdued.
Adults normally 560-900 mm (22-36 inches) in total length. The largest specimen from Kansas is a male (KU 207280) from Douglas County with a snout-vent length of 240 mm and a total length of 762 mm (30 inches) collected by Lance Good and John Kitterman on 13 May 1987. The maximum length throughout the range is 1181.1 mm (46½ inches) (Conant and Collins, 1998).
This species is found throughout the eastern two-thirds of Kansas. However, it is rare or absent from Drift Hills, Loess Hills, Arkansas River Sand Prairie, and eastern Smoky Hills.
Fitch (1989) summarized 35 years of observation of 2,116 of these lizards in northeastern Kansas, and Platt (1985) studied them in Harvey County; much of my information is based on their observations.
The Slender Glass Lizard inhabits tallgrass prairie, sand prairie, open woodlands, and woodland edge, frequently near streams and ponds. It particularly thrives in areas with abundant abandoned rodent burrows which it uses for shelter. This reptile is active from late April to October at air temperatures ranging from 50° to 90°F. Heinrich and Kaufman (1985) found four of these lizards (one of which was killed in a prairie fire) on the Konza Prairie near Manhattan between 30 April and 2 October. Over a three-year period, Taggart (1992) observed 117 of these lizards in Ellis County; 103 were found on gravel roads (45 of them killed by vehicles) and fourteen on rocky hillsides.
This lizard is mostly diurnal and, during the warm summer months, is active in mornings and late afternoons, basking in the sun, foraging for food, or moving about in tall grass; an occasional individual is found active shortly after dusk. Afternoons (from 1300 to 1700 hours) are generally spent resting under shelter except during inclement weather. The coloration of this lizard blends extremely well in grassy areas, and it easily remains hidden provided it makes no movement. When disturbed, this reptile often escapes into the underground burrows of small mammals.
Slender Glass Lizards have a maximum home range of about one acre but evidently are not territorial. Population density in northeastern Kansas was estimated at 26 to 41 per acre, and preferred air temperature ranged from 61 ° to 75°F. With the onset of winter, these lizards remain in their summer areas and retreat underground into abandoned rodent burrows, deep enough to reach safety below the frost line.
This lizard breeds during May, and courtship probably involves the male pinning the female by biting her on the neck or back of the head before copulation. Females produce one clutch of eggs a year, normally from late June to mid-July. The clutch size ranges from 5 to 17 eggs (Fitch, 1985, 1989). Eggs are laid in a nest and the female remains with them until they hatch, an incubation period of about seven weeks. Newborn females generally require three to four years to reach sexual maturity.
Slender Glass Lizards eat insects, spiders, snails, frogs, snakes, and the newborn of small mammals. Hartman (1906) reported a specimen from Douglas County that contained three large grasshoppers, one cricket, and one large caterpillar. Predators of the Slender Glass Lizard include snakes, large birds, and mammals.
First reported in Kansas by Hallowell (1857) based on a specimen sent by Fort Riley surgeon William A. Hammond. The earliest existing specimen (Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates [CUMV 1530]) was collected in "Kansas" in 1860.
Gloyd (1932) mentions a specimen discovered by Clarence R. Collins in Miami County on 21 April 1928. It was found in a pile of leaves and attempted escape by backing down a hole in the soft ground.
The species is most observably abundant along the Saline River valley in Ellis and Russell counties where Taggart (1992) observed 117 individuals over a three-year period. Interestingly, they are conspicuously absent from the Smoky Hill River valley in the same counties.
Densities of this species in northeastern Kansas are estimated to be between 26 and 41 individuals per acre (Fitch, 1989).
Further effort is required to determine if the distributional hiatus between the northern Flint Hills populations and the mid-Smoky Hills populations is due to a paucity of collection effort.
Lavin (2016) and Lavin and Girman (2019) used twenty-five nuclear loci (15,191 bp) and 2090 bp of the mtDNA genome to generate a phylogeny containing all known species groups (of Anguinae: Glass Lizards) to explore species relationships within the group as well as divergence dating. All major lineages were found to be monophyletic with potential cryptic diversity in some (e.g. O. a. attenuatus and O. a. longicaudus were each monophyletic).
The Anguinae first appeared in the Eocene and most lineages were present by the beginning of the Miocene. The Anguinae originated in Europe from an Anguidae ancestor that crossed the Thulean land bridge, spreading to Asia after the drying of the Turgai Sea, then across Beringia as the climate permitted. Ophisaurus attenuatus shares a more recent common ancestor with O. compressus, and that group with O. ventralis. Ophisaurus shares a more recent common ancestor with Dopasia (of southeast Asia) than it does with the European/Mediterranean/west Asian forms (Anguis, Hyalosaurus, and Pseudopus).
This reptile has a minimum natural longevity of nine years. Based on a captive specimen, Snider and Bowler (1992) reported a maximum longevity for this species of four years and eighteen days.
This species This animal habitually loses its tail when grabbed. Sometimes the tail breaks into several squirming parts. The lizard will grow a new tail, but never as long as the original.
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Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Recent scientific and standard English name changes effecting the Kansas herpetofauna. Collinsorum 3(2-4):9-10.
Houck, Mike. 2015. 2015 Fort Riley Herpetofaunal Count final report. Collinsorum 4(1):10-11.
Taggart, Travis W. 2015. Spring Field Trip to the Greenhorn Limestone of Russell County. Collinsorum 4(3):2.
Coleman, Andrew W. and Greg Sievert. 2015. Geographic distribution: Ophisaurus attenuatus attenuatus. Kansas. Herpetological Review 46(4):567.
Pittman, Galen L., Henry S. Fitch, and W. Dean Kettle. 2016. Vertebrate animals on the Fitch Natural History Reservation (1948-2002). Kansas Biological Survey Report Number 188, Lawrence. 48 pp.
Powell, Robert, Roger Conant, and Joseph T. Collins. 2016. Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston. 494 pp.
Lavin, Brian R. 2016. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence dating in the Glass Lizards (Anguinae). Thesis. Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California. 70 pp.
Taggart, Travis W. 2016. Results of the KHS Summer field trip to Caney River, Chautauqua County, Kansas. Collinsorum 5(2-3):4-5.
Taggart, Travis W. 2016. Results of the KHS ‘Fall’ field trip to Barber County. Collinsorum 5(2-3):6-7.
Taggart, Travis W. and J. Daren Riedle. 2017. A Pocket Guide to
Kansas Amphibians,
Turtles and Lizards. Great Plains Nature Center, Wichita, Kansas. 69 pp.
Crother, Brian I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Eighth edition. Herpetological Circulars (43):1-102.
Mardis, Dexter R. 2017. Results from three Herpetofaunal tallies at Wichita State University’s Youngmeyer Ranch in Northwestern
Elk County. Collinsorum 6(1):8-10.
Taggart, Travis W. 2017. Results of the 2017 KHS Spring Field Trip to Elk County, Kansas. Collinsorum 6(2-3):6-8.
Houck, Mike. 2018. Herp Count: Fort Riley Military Installation. Collinsorum 7(1):17.
Powell, Robert, Joseph T Collins, and Errol D Hooper Jr. 2019. Key to the Herpetofauna of the Continental United States and Canada. Third Edition. Univ Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 192 pp.
Lavin, Brian R. and Derek J. Girman. 2019. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence dating in the Glass Lizards
(Anguinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 133:128-140.
Daniel, Richard E. and Brian S. Edmond. 2020. Atlas of Missouri Amphibians and Reptiles for 2019. Privately printed, Columbia, Missouri. 86 pp.
Riedle, J. Daren. 2020. Revisiting Kansas Herpetological Society field trip and Herp Count data:
Distributional patterns and trend data of Kansas amphibians and reptiles. Collinsorum 9(1):7-16.
Hullinger, Allison, Zackary Cordes, Daren Riedle, and William Stark. 2020. Habitat assessment of the Broad-headed Skink (Plestiodon laticeps)
and the associated squamate community in eastern Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 123(1-2):137-150.
Abbott, Samuel S. 2021. Herp Count: Cowley County: KHS-2020-06. Collinsorum 9(3):12.
Schmidt, Curtis J. 2021. Herp Count: Russell County: KHS-2020-16. Collinsorum 9(3):14.
Taggart, Meg, Amelia Jaeger, Jesse J. Taggart, and Travis W. Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Ellis County: KHS-2020-21. Collinsorum 9(3):14.
Taggart, Travis W. 2021. Herp Count: Russell County: KHS-2020-24. Collinsorum 9(3):14-15.
Taggart, Travis W., Dan Fogell, and Christopher Visser. 2021. Herp Count: Russell County: KHS-2020-25. Collinsorum 9(3):15.
Schmidt, Curtis J. 2021. Herp Count: Ellis County: KHS-2020-32. Collinsorum 9(3):16.
Geluso, Keith, Jamila L. Bajelan, Joshua A. Blaesi, Amber D. Dzingle, Kaylee L. Gibson, Logan H. Grose, Caine M. Haarberg, Treyton L. Hebblethwaite, Shaylee M. Johnson, Tylin K. Masco, Corral M. McClintock, Emma L. Roberts, Brock J. Uhlir, Tyler L. Underwood, Jonathan R. Wentz, Braden M. Wilkes, and Travis J. Woodcock. 2022. First reproductive evidence for the Slender Glass Lizard (Ophisaurus attenuatus) in Nebraska. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 42:10-14.
Russell, Elisabeth. 2023. Habitat associations and fine-scale movements of the Red-spotted Toad (Anaxyrus punctatus) in Kansas and the efficacy of remote telemetry for monitoring small-scale movements. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 81 pp.
Smith, MacKenzie J., Joseph W. Paysen, Carter Kruse, and Keith Geluso. 2023. Natural History Notes: Coluber (Masticophis) flagellum: Diet and scavenging. Herpetological Review 54(4):603.