HARMLESS. The Plain-bellied Watersnake is characterized by keeled scales, a divided anal scale, a uniform cream or yellowish belly with indistinct dark shading on edges of scales, a uniform cream or yellowish unpatterned underside of tail, and a head, body, and tail either a uniform dark gray, olive, or brown (old adults), or with 30 -40 blotches of similar color separated by very in distinct light bands (young adults). The young are strikingly marked with dark brown blotches (seldom bands) separated by light bands. The space between the later blotches is often reddish. The belly often has thin dark markings along the posterior edges of the scutes, especially toward the edges. Females grow larger than males.
Adults normally grow 76.0-122.0 cm (30-48 inches) in total length. The largest specimen from Kansas is a female (KU 203662) from Pratt County with a total length of 141.5 cm (55½ inches) collected by Tom Dillenbeck on 9 March 1985. The maximum length throughout the range is 157.5 cm (62 inches) (Powell et al., 2016).
Found in streams, rivers, and impoundments south and east of a line from Seward County in the southwest to Doniphan County in the northeast. Isolated records are known from Saline County; additional records along the Smoky Hill and Kansas rivers are needed to determine whether the lack of specimens in this area represents a distributional gap.
The Plain-bellied Watersnake inhabits swamps, marshes, ponds, and slow-moving portions of streams. It is the least aquatic of Kansas water snakes and wanders great distances from water during the summer.
This snake is active from March to October at air temperatures above 60°F. During the day, it basks near water on driftwood, low-hanging branches, stumps, or brush. At night, it forages for food, sometimes remaining active until after midnight.
The cooler temperatures of fall cause this snake to seek cover beneath large brush or rock piles or in the underground burrows of other animals, where it remains inactive until spring.
Mating in this snake occurs during April and May. Courtship has not been reported. The young are born in late July, August, and September. The number of young per brood varies from four to thirty (Fitch, 1985). Gloyd (1932) reported a female from Miami County giving birth to twenty-one young on 14 September. Diener (1957) found that five pregnant females from western Kansas contained five to 21 young. Smith (1983) recorded 28 young born to a female from Linn County. Species ofNerodia are viviparous and develop functional placentae that support gas exchange and maternal–fetal transfer of water and ions. Stable-isotope evidence demonstrates maternal amino acid allocation to embryos during gestation, confirming organic nutrient transfer. Nevertheless, yolk remains the dominant source of embryonic dry mass; thus Nerodia are best described as predominantly lecithotrophic viviparous snakes with incipient placentotrophy.
Adult Plain-bellied Watersnakes are reported to feed primarily on Leopard Frogs and Bullfrogs, but the young apparently prefer fish. During July in southcentral Kansas, Capron (1991) reported that, when hunting for fish trapped in drying pools, a large adult of this snake exhibited 'entrapment' behavior. It whipped the coils of its body in C-shaped curves, first using its head to herd the fish as it encircled them, and then lashing its head about with its mouth open inside the circle of its body, seizing any fish on contact. In an hour, he observed the snake catch and eat five fish using this technique. He also reported this behavior in a Diamond-backed Watersnake and a subadult Common Watersnake.
First reported from Kansas by Cope (1875), giving no more specific locality information than "Kansas". The earliest existing specimen (USNM44543) was collected at Cairo (Pratt County) on 29 July 1892.
Burt (1935) reported that Mr. Cornelius Rogers found this snake feeding on Plains Leopard Frogs (Rana blairi) in Barber County, Kansas, on 7 April 1934.
Based on a captive specimen, Snider and Bowler (1992) reported a maximum longevity for this species of fourteen years, eleven months, and seventeen days.
References
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Cragin, Francis W. 1880. A preliminary catalogue of Kansas reptiles and batrachians. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 7:112-123.
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Dyche, Lewis L. 1914. Enemies of fish. Pages 145-158 in Ponds, Pond Fish and Pond Fish Culture. State Department Fish and Game Bulletin No. 1, Kansas State Printing Office, Topeka.
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Grow, David. 1976. Large garter snake caught at zoo. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (12):8.
Grow, David. 1976. The KHS goes to Chetopa. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (13):2-3.
Miller, Larry L. 1976. KHS visits Elk County. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (15):1-2.
Perry, Janice. 1977. KHS members achieve goal: Get Cottonmouth. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (21):3-4.
Curl, Richard L. 1978. Final Environmental Statement: Milford Lake Kansas operation and maintenance. US Army Corps of Engineers, Kansas City District. 158 pp.
Warner, M. and R. Wencel. 1978. Chikaskia River study held near Caldwell. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (25):15-16.
Perry, Janice. 1978. KHS successful at Miami County State Lake. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (27):5.
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Gray, Peter and Eddie Stegall. 1979. A field trip to the Red Hills. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (29):6-8.
Collins, Joseph T. 1979. New records of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles in Kansas for 1978. Technical Publication of the State Biological Survey of Kansas 8:56-66.
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Lynch, John D. 1985. Annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Nebraska. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 13:33-57.
Collins, Joseph T. 1986. New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 1985. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (63):4.
Miller, Larry L. 1988. Harper County KHS field trip well attended. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (72):5-6.
Collins, Joseph T. 1989. New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 1988. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (75):15-18.
Collins, Joseph T. 1989. First Kansas herp counts held in 1989. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (77):11-.
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Collins, Joseph T. 1991. New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 1990. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (83):7-13.
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Collins, Joseph T. 1992. Results of the fourth Kansas herp count held during April-May 1992. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (89):10-.
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Young, Eugene A. 1993. A Survey of the Vertebrates of Slate Creek Salt Marsh, Sumner County, Kansas, with an Emphasis on Waterbirds. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 189 pp.
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Rundquist, Eric M. 1994. Results of the sixth annual KHS herp counts held 1 April-31 May 1994. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (97):5-14.
Riedle, J. Daren. 1994. A survey of reptiles and amphibians at Montgomery County State Fishing Lake. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (98):11-13.
Anderson, Lewis, Mark Shaw, Jeff Blodig, and Tom Walker. 1995. Report to the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks: Herps encountered during REmap project, summer 1994. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (99):10-17.
Rundquist, Eric M. 1995. Results of the seventh annual KHS herp counts held 1 April-31 May 1995. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (101):11-17.
Rundquist, Eric M. 1996. Results of the eighth annual KHS herp counts Held 1 April-31 May 1996. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (104):6-17.
Miller, Larry L. 1996. Many amphibian and reptile species identified during KHS 1996 fall field trip to Wabaunsee County. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (106):2-3.
Rakestraw, J. 1996. Spring herp counts: A Kansas tradition. Reptile & Amphibian Magazine (March-April):75-80.
Rundquist, Eric M. 1997. Results of the ninth annual KHS herp counts held 1 April-31 May 1997. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (108):12-17.
Collins, Joseph T. 1997. A report on the KHS fall field trip to the Marais des Cygnes wildlife refuges. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (110):2-3.
Conant, Roger and Joseph T. Collins. 1998. Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. 3rd ed, expanded. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Gamble, Jerre. 1998. Marais des Cygnes National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hartford, Kansas. 91 pp.
Rundquist, Eric M. 1998. Results of the tenth annual KHS herp counts for 1998, held 1 April-31 May. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (112):11-18.
Rundquist, Eric M. 1999. Kansas Herpetological Society herp counts: A 10 year summary and evaluation. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (115):42962.
Taggart, Travis W. 1999. Cherokee County fall 1999 herp count. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (117):6.
Taggart, Travis W. 2000. KHS spring field trip sets record for attendance. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (120):5-5.
Rundquist, Eric M. 2000. Results of the eleventh and twelfth annual KHS herpetofaunal counts for 1999-2000, held 1 April-31 May. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (122):11-16.
Taggart, Travis W. 2000. Results of the KHS 2000 fall field trip. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (122):6-8.
Cooper, Cameron L. 2001. Using geographic information systems (GIS) to investigate the paleo-drainage of the Lower Smoky Hill River, central Kansas. Thesis. Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas. 69 pp.
Taggart, Travis W. 2001. The KHS 2001 spring field trip: A rainy rendezvous. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (124):12-14.
Rundquist, Eric M. 2001. Results of the thirteenth annual KHS herp counts for 2001, held 1 April-30 June. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (125):13-16.
Himes, John G. 2002. The role of the Midland Water Snake, Nerodia sipedon, as a competitor, predator, and prey in freshwater communities. Dissertation. University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi. 101 pp.
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Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Homestead National Monument of
America, and Pipestone National Monument within the Heartland Inventory
and Monitoring Network. Interim Report. National Park Service, Washington, D.C.. 6 pp.
Riedle, J. Daren and A. Hynek. 2002. Amphibian and reptile inventory of the Kansas Army Ammunition Plant, Labette County, Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (2):18-20.
Gubanyi, James E. 2002. Osage County herp count I. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (4):15.
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and Monitoring Network. National Park Service, Washington, D.C.. 59 pp.
Suleiman, G. 2003. Fort Riley herpetofaunal count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (5):11-12.
Taggart, Travis W. 2003. KHS conducts first systematic road survey. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (6):11-12.
Platt, Dwight R. 2003. Lizards and snakes (Order Squamata) of Harvey County, Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (6):13-20.
Taggart, Travis W. 2003. Results of the 2003 KHS spring field trip to Wilson County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (6):2-5.
Schmidt, Curtis J. 2003. Geographic distribution: Nerodia erythrogaster. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (6):8.
Burr, Andrew. 2003. Coffey County herp count 2. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):7.
Collins, Joseph T. 2003. Douglas County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):8.
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Collins, Joseph T. 2004. New records of amphibians, turtles, and reptiles in Kansas for 2003. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (9):8-11.
Schmidt, Curtis J. and Travis W. Taggart. 2005. Geographic distribution: Nerodia erythrogaster. Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (14):11.
Taggart, Travis W. 2005. Results of the KHS 2005 fall field trip [to Crawford County]. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (16):19-21.
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Murrow, Daniel G. 2009. KHS 2009 spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (29):42769.
Collins, Joseph T., Suzanne L. Collins, and Travis W. Taggart. 2010. Amphibians, Reptiles, and Turtles of Kansas. Eagle Mountain Publishing., Provo, Utah. 400 pp.
Murrow, Daniel G. 2010. Kansas Herpetological Society spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (33):2-3.
Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Results of the KHS Spring Field Trip to Chautauqua County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (38):2-4.
Rohweder, Megan R. 2012. Spatial conservation prioritization of Kansas for terrestrial vertebrates. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 151 pp.
Powell, Robert, Joseph T Collins, and Errol D Hooper Jr. 2012. Key to the Herpetofauna of the Continental United States and Canada: Second Edition, Revised and Updated. Univ Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 152 pp.
Miller, Larry L. 2013. Wellington Lake Herpetological Survey. Collinsorum 2(1/2):12.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2012 Spring Field Trip to Bourbon County State Lake. Collinsorum 2(3/4):3.
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Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2013 Spring Field Trip to Schermerhorn Park, Cherokee County. Collinsorum 2(3/4):4.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2013 Summer Field Trip to Coldwater Lake, Comanche County. Collinsorum 2(3/4):5.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2013 Fall Field Trip to Butler County State Lake. Collinsorum 2(3/4):6.
Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Results of the 2014 KHS Spring Field Trip to Barber County. Collinsorum 3(2-4):11.
Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Results of the 2014 KHS Fall Field Trip to Woodson County. Collinsorum 3(2-4):12.
Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Recent scientific and standard English name changes effecting the Kansas herpetofauna. Collinsorum 3(2-4):9-10.
Taggart, Travis W. 2015. Summer Field Trip In The Harvey County Sandhills. Collinsorum 4(3):3.
Powell, Robert, Roger Conant, and Joseph T. Collins. 2016. Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston. 494 pp.
Taggart, Travis W. 2016. Spring 2016 KHS field trip to Clark County was a soggy success. Collinsorum 5(2-3):2-3.
Taggart, Travis W. 2016. Results of the KHS Summer field trip to Caney River, Chautauqua County, Kansas. Collinsorum 5(2-3):4-5.
Crother, Brian I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Eighth edition. Herpetological Circulars (43):1-102.
Mardis, Dexter R. 2017. Results from three Herpetofaunal tallies at Wichita State University’s Youngmeyer Ranch in Northwestern
Elk County. Collinsorum 6(1):8-10.
Taggart, Travis W. 2017. Results of the 2017 KHS Spring Field Trip to Elk County, Kansas. Collinsorum 6(2-3):6-8.
Powell, Robert, Joseph T Collins, and Errol D Hooper Jr. 2019. Key to the Herpetofauna of the Continental United States and Canada. Third Edition. Univ Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 192 pp.
Daniel, Richard E. and Brian S. Edmond. 2020. Atlas of Missouri Amphibians and Reptiles for 2019. Privately printed, Columbia, Missouri. 86 pp.
Riedle, J. Daren. 2020. Revisiting Kansas Herpetological Society field trip and Herp Count data:
Distributional patterns and trend data of Kansas amphibians and reptiles. Collinsorum 9(1):7-16.
Hullinger, Allison, Zackary Cordes, Daren Riedle, and William Stark. 2020. Habitat assessment of the Broad-headed Skink (Plestiodon laticeps)
and the associated squamate community in eastern Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 123(1-2):137-150.
Falcon, Melanie. 2021. Herp Count: McPherson County: KHS-2020-18. Collinsorum 9(3):14.
Taggart, Megan M. and Travis W. Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Seward County: KHS-2020-27. Collinsorum 9(3):15.
Tyson, Kelsea, Lexis Mader, Thomas Zapletal, Jeremiah Cline, Alyssa Farney, Loegan Hill, Jainee Cowen, Camron Matteson, and David Penning. 2021. Measuring herpetofaunal biodiversity in southwest Missouri. Collinsorum 10(2):13-18.
Russell, Elisabeth. 2023. Habitat associations and fine-scale movements of the Red-spotted Toad (Anaxyrus punctatus) in Kansas and the efficacy of remote telemetry for monitoring small-scale movements. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 81 pp.
Nuñez, Leroy P., Levi N Gray, David Weisrock, and Frank T Burbrink. 2023. The phylogenomic and biogeographic history of the Gartersnakes, Watersnakes, and Allies (Natricidae: Thamnophiini). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 186(2023):107844.
Wright, Jake. 2024. Herpetofaunal assemblage at a former rock quarry in the Flint Hills of Kansas. Collinsorum 13(1):8-9.