The American Bullfrog is the largest frog in the state, and is characterized by moist skin, a round snout, a generally uniform color, and a prominent raised fold of skin which runs from behind the eye and down around the back of its distinct circular ear membrane. The head, body, and front limbs of this frog are green, olive, or brown with large or small indistinct darker spots or blotches. The hind limbs are darkly banded. The throat, belly, and underside of the legs are white or yellow with gray/brown mottling. Males have much larger ear membranes and mature earlier than females.
The largest frog in Kansas. The adults are normally 90-152 mm (3½-6 inches) in snout-vent length. The largest Kansas specimen is a female (KU 181593) from Chase County with a snout-vent length of 185 mm (7¼ inches) collected by Brett Haller on 26 May 1979. The maximum length throughout the range is 203.2 mm (8 inches) (Powell et al., 2016). The heaviest Kansas specimen weighed slightly over 580 grams (about 1 pound, 4 ounces).
Found throughout Kansas but appreciably less common and confined to riparian areas (and nearby impoundments) in the western third of the state. Most likely native to Kansas though probably not found statewide until introduced by fish stocking and as a food source.
There is active debate about where the natural native distribution ended in western Kansas and into Colorado. The issue is compounded by the creation of permanent water sources during settlement and the introduction via American Bullfrog farms that were established by 1913 along the South Platte River of Colorado (Ellis and Henderson, 1915).
Cragin (1880) reported the species from as far west as Riley County. Dyche (1914) and O'Roke (1922) reported them from hatchery ponds in Pratt County. Burt and Burt (1929) reported it from Washington County. Taylor (1929) did not report it in his survey of Morton County. By the time Brumwell (1933) noted records as far west as Cheyenne, Gove, Meade, Scott, and Wallace counties. Smith (1933, 1934) added not new records from western Kansas and stated that he believed their distribution in western kansas to be discontinuous due to introduction. Brennan (1934) reported the species common in permanent ponds in Ellis County, a habitat feature that didn't exist in that area until settlement.
Frequently seen sitting on vegetation mats at the edge of shallow streams and ponds, or with their eyes just breaking the surface. This species is active from March to October and restricted to permanent lakes, rivers, streams, and swamps where deep water is available. It may live also near permanently filled stock tanks. This frog apparently spends the winter months burrowed in mud beneath the water of lakes and rivers.In northeastern Kansas, Fitch (1956) determined that the Bullfrog is generally less tolerant of cold temperatures than other frogs and toads but found this species active as early as 1 7 March and at air temperatures of 45°F. Clarke (1958) observed adult Bullfrogs active from 16 March to 9 October in Osage County at air temperatures of 45-100°F. Fitch (1958) found this frog limited to a lake and adjacent marsh in his wooded upland study area and noted heavy fluctuation in this population due to dry periods. Smith (1973) observed that Bullfrogs regulated their body temperature by posturing and basking, and noted that small Bullfrogs were active at lower temperatures than adults. Jinks and Johnson (1970) studied this species in stripmine lakes in Cherokee County and reported on parasite infestation in their specimens. They weighed 102 frogs, the heaviest specimen being slightly over 580 grams (about 1 pound, 4 ounces). Smith (1977) found that adult Bullfrogs responded to distress calls of immature Bullfrogs and Leopard Frogs for the purpose of preying on them. For an excellent review of the biology of this amphibian, consult Bury and Whelan (1984).
They breed on the surface of shallow, permanent water covered with vegetation. Males make distinctive, resonant, low-pitched ‘jug-o-rum’ call both day and night during late spring and through the summer. The Bullfrog breeds later than other frogs and toads, although it may emerge from winter inactivity as early as February. Males are territorial during the breeding season and defend their territory against other Bullfrogs by kicking, bumping, and biting.Breeding occurs from late April until mid-July, when sufficiently high temperatures stimulate the males to chorus around permanent deep lakes, ponds, swamps, and backwater sloughs. The male mounts the female, clasping her with his front limbs behind her front limbs. Females may lay up to 48,000 eggs in masses from 929.0-2322.6 cm2 (1-2.5 ft2). The eggs hatch in four or five days, and the free-swimming tadpoles spend three to fourteen months in the water before metamorphosing. Irwin and Collins (1987) reported chorusing by this amphibian on 23- 24 June at Cheyenne Bottoms in Barton County but expressed concern over the general shortage of both adults and tadpoles at the refuge.
Smith (1934) observed that female American Bullfrogs preferred to lay their eggs in one place, rarely moving about the breeding site during this activity.
Hartman (1906) removed water beetles, ground beetles, and a full-grown sparrow from a Kansas American Bullfrog. Smith (1956) recorded them eating both terrestrial and aquatic arthropods and small vertebrates in Kansas. Smith (1977) reported that small frogs (including other American Bullfrogs) composed 80 percent (by volume) of the diet of the American Bullfrog in northeastern Kansas. This frog is an opportunistic predator, eating anything that it can swallow. Bury and Whelan (1984) compiled a list of the food prey of this amphibian as follows : earthworms, leeches, insects, centipedes and millipedes, spiders, crayfishes, snails, salamanders, tadpoles, frogs, fishes, small turtles, lizards, snakes, shrews, moles, bats, and birds. Guarisco (1985) reported an American Bullfrog scavenging on a road-killed Plains Leopard Frog in Douglas County.
Shirer and Fitch (1970) reported predation on the American Bullfrog by opossums, raccoons, and skunks in Douglas County.
First reported in Kansas by Cragin (1880) where he cites correspondence with entomologist Edwin A. Popenoe of Kansas State University "Topeka and Manhattan; rather common; inhabits only deeper streams." The earliest existing specimen (KU 8619) was collected by Francis A. Hartman at Talmage, Dickinson County, on 5 September 1905. Moriarty and Collins (1995) list W. R. Robertson as the collector of KU 8619. Smith (1934) mentions a specimen (USNM 3329) from Fort Riley that would have been available to Yarrow (1882) and Cope (1889), but they do not mention it.
The legs of the American Bullfrog are a delicacy, prized by Kansas sportsmen. They are one of the few herpetological species in Kansas that are regulated as game animals. American Bullfrog season extends from July 1 through October 31 of each year. The daily creel limit is eight. The possession limit is 24 American Bullfrogs after the third day of the season. A valid fishing license is required for any person to take, catch, or kill American Bullfrogs, except persons exempt by law from having such a license. American Bullfrogs may be legally taken any time of day or night by dip net, gig, hook and line, hand, bow, and arrow, or crossbow. A line must attach the bow to an arrow, and the arrow must have a barbed head. Any other method of taking American Bullfrogs is prohibited.
Based on a captive specimen, Snider and Bowler (1992) reported a maximum longevity for this frog of seven years, three months, and 24 days.
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Collins, Joseph T. 1992. Results of the fourth Kansas herp count held during April-May 1992. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (89):10-.
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Riedle, J. Daren. 1994. A survey of reptiles and amphibians at Montgomery County State Fishing Lake. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (98):11-13.
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Miller, Larry L. 1996. Many amphibian and reptile species identified during KHS 1996 fall field trip to Wabaunsee County. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (106):2-3.
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Taggart, Travis W. 1997. Status of Bufo debilis (Anura: Bufonidae) in Kansas. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (109):7-12.
Collins, Joseph T. 1997. A report on the KHS fall field trip to the Marais des Cygnes wildlife refuges. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (110):2-3.
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Rundquist, Eric M. 1998. Results of the tenth annual KHS herp counts for 1998, held 1 April-31 May. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (112):11-18.
Collins, Joseph T. 1998. Results of the KHS silver anniversary fall field trip. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (114):6-.
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Taggart, Travis W. 2000. KHS spring field trip sets record for attendance. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (120):5-5.
Doren, Van, Mark D., and Curtis J. Schmidt. 2000. A herpetological survey of the Fort Larned National Historic Site, Pawnee County, Kansas. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (120):8-11.
Rundquist, Eric M. 2000. Results of the eleventh and twelfth annual KHS herpetofaunal counts for 1999-2000, held 1 April-31 May. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (122):11-16.
Taggart, Travis W. 2000. Results of the KHS 2000 fall field trip. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (122):6-8.
Fitch, Henry S. 2001. Further study of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, in northeastern Kansas. Scientific Papers of the Natural History Museum, University of Kansas (19):1-6.
Taggart, Travis W. 2001. The KHS 2001 spring field trip: A rainy rendezvous. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (124):12-14.
Collins, Joseph T. 2001. New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 2000. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (124):6-8.
Rundquist, Eric M. 2001. Results of the thirteenth annual KHS herp counts for 2001, held 1 April-30 June. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (125):13-16.
Kingsbury, Bruce and Joanna Gibson. 2002. Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Midwest. Publication of Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, Address not given. 152 pp.
Fogell, Daniel D. 2002. Occurrence and relative abundance of amphibians and reptiles at
Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Homestead National Monument of
America, and Pipestone National Monument within the Heartland Inventory
and Monitoring Network. Interim Report. National Park Service, Washington, D.C.. 6 pp.
Palenske, Nicole M. 2002. Blood Viscosity and Hematological Parameters in Hibernating Bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana. Thesis. Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas. 61 pp.
Riedle, J. Daren and A. Hynek. 2002. Amphibian and reptile inventory of the Kansas Army Ammunition Plant, Labette County, Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (2):18-20.
Ellis, Mark R. 2002. Fall 2002 KHS field trip to Washington County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (2):4-5.
Taggart, Travis W. 2002. Results of the spring 2002 KHS field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (3):6-7.
Taggart, Travis W. 2002. Results of the KHS 2002 fall field Trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (4):11-13.
Miller, Larry L. 2002. Osage County herp count II. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (4):15.
Fogell, Daniel D. 2003. A herpetofaunal inventory of Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Homestead National Monument of America, and Pipestone National Monument within the Heartland Inventory
and Monitoring Network. National Park Service, Washington, D.C.. 59 pp.
Suleiman, G. 2003. Fort Riley herpetofaunal count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (5):11-12.
Taggart, Travis W. 2003. KHS conducts first systematic road survey. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (6):11-12.
Taggart, Travis W. 2003. Results of the 2003 KHS spring field trip to Wilson County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (6):2-5.
Miller, Larry L. 2003. Sumner County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):10.
Miller, Larry L. and Suzanne L. Miller. 2003. Wakarusa herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):10.
Burr, Andrew. 2003. Coffey County herp count 1. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):7.
Volkmann, Al. 2003. Cowley County herp count 1. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):7.
Gubanyi, James E. 2003. Osage County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):8.
Lokke, John L. and Jill Lokke. 2003. Cowley County herp count 2. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):8.
Gubanyi, James E. 2003. Shawnee County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):9.
Miller, Larry L. 2003. Indian Creek herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):9.
Suleiman, Gibran. 2003. Fort Riley herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):9.
Taggart, Travis W. 2003. Results of the KHS 2003 fall field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (8):14-15.
Austin, James D., Stephen C. Lougheed, Paul E. Moler, and Peter T. Boag. 2003. Phylogenetics, zoogeography, and the role of dispersal and vicariance in the evolution of the Rana catesbeiana (Anura: Ranidae) species group. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 80:601-624.
Delisle, Jennifer M. and William H. Busby. 2004. Biological inventory for vertebrates at Fort Larned National Historic Site of the southern plains network. Natural Heritage Inventory, Kansas Biological Survey, Lawrence. 61 pp.
Miller, Larry L. 2004. Sumner County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (11):11-12.
Austin, James D., Stephen C. Lougheed, and Peter T. Boag. 2004. Discordant temporal and geographic patterns in maternal lineages of eastern north American frogs, Rana catesbeiana (Ranidae) and Pseudacris crucifer (Hylidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32(3):799-816.
Lannoo, Michael (Editor). 2005. Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species. University fo California Press, Berkeley. 1115 pp.
Taggart, Travis W., Curtis J. Schmidt, and Richard S. Hayes. 2005. Geographic distribution: Rana catesbeiana. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (13):10.
Flowers, T. L. 2005. Life history notes: Rana catesbeiana. Diet. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (14):10.
Taggart, Travis W. 2005. Results of the KHS 2005 fall field trip [to Crawford County]. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (16):19-21.
Hillis, David M. and Thomas P. Wilcox. 2005. Phylogeny of the New World True Frogs (Rana).. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34(2):299-314.
Altig, Ronald, Roy W. McDiarmid, Kimberly A. Nichols, and Paul C. Ustach. 2006. Tadpoles of the United States and Canada: A Tutorial and Key. Electronic files accessible at http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/tadpole/. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD, USA. .
Taggart, Travis W. 2006. Addendum report to biological inventory of the sandsage prairie near Holcomb, Kansas. Sunflower Electric Cooperative, Hays, Kansas. 31 pp.
Taggart, Travis W. 2006. Distribution and status of Kansas herpetofauna in need of information. State Wildlife Grant T7. Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, Pratt. vii + 106 pp.
Frost, Darrel R, Taran Grant, Julian Faivovich, Raoul H. Bain, Alexander Haas, Celio F. B. Haddad, Rafael O. De Sa, Alan Channing, Mark Wilkinson, Stephen C. Donnellan, Christopher J. Raxworthy, Jonathan A. Campbell, Boris L. Blotto, Paul Moler, Robert C. Drewes, Ronald A. Nussbaum, John D. Lynch, David M. Green, and Ward C. Wheeler. 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (297):370.
Anderson, Lewis R. and Joseph A. Arruda. 2006. Land use and anuran biodiversity in southeast Kansas, USA. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 4(1):46-59.
Wilgers, Dustin J., Eva A. Horne, Brett K. Sandercock, and Allan W. Volkmann. 2006. Effects of rangeland management on community dynamics of the herpetofauna of the tallgrass prairie. 62:378-388.
Taggart, Travis W., Joseph T. Collins, and Curtis J. Schmidt. 2007. Estimates of amphibian, reptile, and turtle mortality if Phostoxin is applied to 10,000 acres of prairie dog burrows in Logan County, Kansas. Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, Pratt. 5 pp.
Schmidt, Curtis J. 2007. First record of the Bullfrog from Osborne County, Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (22):11.
Taggart, Travis W. 2007. A biological inventory of the Sunflower Electric Site near Holcomb, Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology 23:11-16.
Schwenke, Zachery J. 2008. Geographic distribution: Lithobates catesbeianus. Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (27):7.
Austin, James D. and Kelly R. Zamudio. 2008. Incongruence in the pattern and timing of intra-specific diversification in Bronze Frogs and Bullfrogs (Ranidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48:1041-1053.
Kraus, Fred. 2009. Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 563 pp.
Murrow, Daniel G. 2009. KHS 2009 spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (29):42769.
Collins, Joseph T., Suzanne L. Collins, and Travis W. Taggart. 2010. Amphibians, Reptiles, and Turtles of Kansas. Eagle Mountain Publishing., Provo, Utah. 400 pp.
Murrow, Daniel G. 2010. Kansas Herpetological Society spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (33):2-3.
Collins, Joseph T., Suzanne L. Collins, and Travis W. Taggart. 2011. Amphibians, Reptiles, and Turtles of the Cimarron National Grassland, Kansas. Second (Revised) Edition. U. S. Forest Service.
McMartin, David C. 2011. U. S. Army 2011 Fort Leavenworth Herpetofaunal Survey: 23 April - 09 May 2011. Privately printed, Leavenworth, Kansas. 33 pp.
Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Kansas Herpetological Society 2011 spring field trip to be held in Chautauqua County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (37):5-7.
Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Results of the KHS Spring Field Trip to Chautauqua County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (38):2-4.
Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Results of the Kansas Herpetological Society 2011 Summer Field Trip to Scott State Park. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (39):2.
Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Results of the Kansas Herpetological Society 2011 Fall Field Trip to Lovewell State Park. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (39):4-5.
McMartin, D. Chris. 2011. Herp Count: Fort Leavenworth Herpetofaunal Survey for 2011. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (39):8-9.
Houck, Mike. 2011. Fort Riley Herpetofaunal Survey for 2011. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (39):9.
Rohweder, Megan R. 2012. Spatial conservation prioritization of Kansas for terrestrial vertebrates. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 151 pp.
Powell, Robert, Joseph T Collins, and Errol D Hooper Jr. 2012. Key to the Herpetofauna of the Continental United States and Canada: Second Edition, Revised and Updated. Univ Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 152 pp.
Dodd, C. Kenneth. 2013. Frogs of the United States and Canada. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 982 pp.
Bass, Neil. 2013. The Missouri River Fish and Wildlife Mitigation Project: For the river, for you, and for herps. Collinsorum 2(1/2):10-11.
Miller, Larry L. 2013. Wellington Lake Herpetological Survey. Collinsorum 2(1/2):12.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2012 Spring Field Trip to Bourbon County State Lake. Collinsorum 2(3/4):3.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2012 Summer Field Trip to Meade County State Park. Collinsorum 2(3/4):3.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2012 Fall Field Trip to Atchison County State Lake. Collinsorum 2(3/4):4.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2013 Summer Field Trip to Coldwater Lake, Comanche County. Collinsorum 2(3/4):5.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2013 Fall Field Trip to Butler County State Lake. Collinsorum 2(3/4):6.
McMartin, D. Chris. 2014. Fort Leavenworth Heretofaunal Survey for 2013. Collinsorum 3(1):10.
Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Results of the 2014 KHS Spring Field Trip to Barber County. Collinsorum 3(2-4):11.
Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Results of the 2014 KHS Fall Field Trip to Woodson County. Collinsorum 3(2-4):12.
Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Recent scientific and standard English name changes effecting the Kansas herpetofauna. Collinsorum 3(2-4):9-10.
Houck, Mike. 2015. 2015 Fort Riley Herpetofaunal Count final report. Collinsorum 4(1):10-11.
Bass, Neil. 2015. Herpetological (Frog and Turtle) Inventories along the Missouri River in Kansas. Collinsorum 4(1):5-9.
Taggart, Travis W. 2015. Spring Field Trip to the Greenhorn Limestone of Russell County. Collinsorum 4(3):2.
Taggart, Travis W. 2015. Summer Field Trip In The Harvey County Sandhills. Collinsorum 4(3):3.
Taggart, Travis W. 2015. Fall Field Trip Held In Washington County. Collinsorum 4(3):4.
Pittman, Galen L., Henry S. Fitch, and W. Dean Kettle. 2016. Vertebrate animals on the Fitch Natural History Reservation (1948-2002). Kansas Biological Survey Report Number 188, Lawrence. 48 pp.
Powell, Robert, Roger Conant, and Joseph T. Collins. 2016. Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston. 494 pp.
Taggart, Travis W. 2016. Spring 2016 KHS field trip to Clark County was a soggy success. Collinsorum 5(2-3):2-3.
Taggart, Travis W. 2016. Results of the KHS Summer field trip to Caney River, Chautauqua County, Kansas. Collinsorum 5(2-3):4-5.
Taggart, Travis W. 2016. Results of the KHS ‘Fall’ field trip to Barber County. Collinsorum 5(2-3):6-7.
Snyder, Ariel. 2017. Survey Of Anuran Chytrid (Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis) in Kansas and the Influence of
Anuran Life History in Occurrence. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 53 pp.
Taggart, Travis W. and J. Daren Riedle. 2017. A Pocket Guide to
Kansas Amphibians,
Turtles and Lizards. Great Plains Nature Center, Wichita, Kansas. 69 pp.
Crother, Brian I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Eighth edition. Herpetological Circulars (43):1-102.
Mardis, Dexter R. 2017. Results from three Herpetofaunal tallies at Wichita State University’s Youngmeyer Ranch in Northwestern
Elk County. Collinsorum 6(1):8-10.
Taggart, Travis W. 2017. Results of the 2017 KHS Spring Field Trip to Elk County, Kansas. Collinsorum 6(2-3):6-8.
Houck, Mike. 2018. Herp Count: Fort Riley Military Installation. Collinsorum 7(1):17.
Powell, Robert, Joseph T Collins, and Errol D Hooper Jr. 2019. Key to the Herpetofauna of the Continental United States and Canada. Third Edition. Univ Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 192 pp.
Daniel, Richard E. and Brian S. Edmond. 2020. Atlas of Missouri Amphibians and Reptiles for 2019. Privately printed, Columbia, Missouri. 86 pp.
Riedle, J. Daren. 2020. Revisiting Kansas Herpetological Society field trip and Herp Count data:
Distributional patterns and trend data of Kansas amphibians and reptiles. Collinsorum 9(1):7-16.
Hullinger, Allison, Zackary Cordes, Daren Riedle, and William Stark. 2020. Habitat assessment of the Broad-headed Skink (Plestiodon laticeps)
and the associated squamate community in eastern Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 123(1-2):137-150.
Wright, Jake T. 2021. Amphibian larvae distribution amongst intermittent
stream pools in the flint hills covaries with vegetation and fish colonization. Thesis. Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas. 55 pp.
Taggart, Travis W and Sarah L Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Neosho County: KHS-2020-01. Collinsorum 9(3):11.
Mardis, Dexter R. 2021. Herp Count: Sumner County: KHS-2020-08. Collinsorum 9(3):12-13.
Taggart, Meg, Amelia Jaeger, Jesse J. Taggart, and Travis W. Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Russell County: KHS-2020-22. Collinsorum 9(3):14-15.
Taggart, Megan M. and Travis W. Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Seward County: KHS-2020-27. Collinsorum 9(3):15.
Riedle, J. Daren. 2021. Herp Count: Pratt County: KHS-2020-33. Collinsorum 9(3):16.
Tyson, Kelsea, Lexis Mader, Thomas Zapletal, Jeremiah Cline, Alyssa Farney, Loegan Hill, Jainee Cowen, Camron Matteson, and David Penning. 2021. Measuring herpetofaunal biodiversity in southwest Missouri. Collinsorum 10(2):13-18.
Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr., and Mark R. Jennings. 2021. How to raise a Bullfrog - The literature on frog farming in North America. Bibliotheca Herpetologica 15(8):1-24.
Buckardt, Emma M. 2022. Amphibian Occupancy and Diversity on a Post-mined Landscape. Thesis. Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas. 93 pp.
Masco, Tylin K. and Keith Geluso. 2022. Geographic distribution: Lithobates catesbeianus. USA, Nebraska. Herpetological Review 53(1):72.
Dodd, C. Kenneth. 2023. Frogs of the United States and Canada. Second Edition. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 1032 pp.
Russell, Elisabeth. 2023. Habitat associations and fine-scale movements of the Red-spotted Toad (Anaxyrus punctatus) in Kansas and the efficacy of remote telemetry for monitoring small-scale movements. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 81 pp.
Buckardt, Emma M., Christine C. Rega‑Brodsky, and Andrew D. George. 2023. Post‑mined wetlands provide breeding habitat for amphibians. Wetlands 43(75):1-11.