HARMLESS. The Western Milk Snake is characterized by smooth scales, a single anal scale, two rows of scales on the underside of the tail, a bold white and black pattern on the belly, and brilliantly contrasting colors on its head, body, and tail. Specimens from eastern Kansas have a pattern of black-bordered bright red bands separated by narrower yellow, white, or cream bands. The top of the head is red. Although Milk Snakes from the western two-thirds of Kansas have the same basic pattern, the tops of their heads are black or orange, and the large bands are orangish instead of red. Adult males grow larger than females.
No reliable method has been determined to differentiate the two putative species potentially occurring in Kansas, or even that the Eastern Milksnake (Lampropeltis triangulum) occurs in the state.
Adults normally grow 41.0-71.0 cm (16-28 inches) in total length. The largest specimen from Kansas is a male (KU 193235) from Anderson County with a total length of 85.8 cm (33¼ inches), collected by Harold A. Dundee on 9 May 1982. The maximum length throughout the range is 132.1 cm (52 inches) (Conant and Collins, 1998). The maximum weight for a Kansas specimen is 105 grams (just under 4 ounces).
Found throughout most of Kansas, has yet to be discovered from the sand prairies south of the Arkansas River between Dodge City, Great Bend, and Wichita. These snakes are typically associated with rocky areas in the Smoky Hills, Flint Hills, and Osage Plains, however, records from sand-sage prairies and loess breaks/uplands in the southwest and northwest Kansas respectively, indicate that this species is likely more widespread than current records indicate.
The Eastern Milksnake has not been documented in Kansas, however, it likely occurs in pockets along the Kansas/Missouri border south of the Kansas River. The population in Cherokee County (presumably not connected to any of the Kansas populations to the west) is tentatively regarded as Eastern Milksnakes. Ongoing systematic studies may lend more resolution in the near future.
Western Milksnakes in eastern Kansas frequent the rocky hillsides of open woods and woodland edge. In western Kansas, they inhabit the rocky ledges of prairie canyons and the edges of streams. Knight and Collins (1977) obtained six specimens beneath rocks on canyon slopes m Cheyenne County during late May and early June. Heinrich and Kaufman (1985) found thirteen examples of this snake between 12 May and 2 July on the Konza Prairie near Manhattan. Taggart (1992) found 265 Western Milksnakes in one season (April to October) in seventeen Kansas counties, ranging in number from a high of 94 specimens in Ellis County to only one each in Cloud, Gove, and Republic counties. He considered it the most abundant serpent in Ellis County during that season (Gopher Snakes were the next most abundant, with 71 observed in the same period).
This species is active from April to November. It normally prowls actively by day, but during the hot summer it may become nocturnal, particularly in western Kansas. This snake rarely basks in the sun, preferring to remain hidden beneath sun-warmed rocks to maintain its optimal body temperature. During winter, the Western Milksnake retreats into dens on rocky wooded hillsides or into mammal burrows to avoid cold temperatures.
Mating in this species occurs during spring after emergence from winter inactivity. Little is known about courtship except that the male Western Milksnake bites the female on the neck a few centimeters behind the head to hold her during copulation. The eggs are laid in nests during June or July, and the number of eggs per clutch varies from three to 24 (Fitch, 1985b; Tryon and Murphy, 1982), with an average of five to seven. Iverson (1976, 1978) reported two clutches of five eggs each from females collected in Russell County. Both clutches were laid in late June and required 42 and 46 days to hatch. Whipple and Collins (1988) recorded a clutch of four eggs laid on 3 July by a female collected in Morton County; all four eggs hatched on 4 September. Incubation probably requires about 40- 65 days, depending on the prevailing air temperature.
Prey is killed by constriction in this species. It feeds primarily on small lizards and snakes but also eats newborn mice. Knight and Collins (1977) recorded the Prairie Lizard and Six-lined Racerunner in the diet of this snake in Cheyenne County.
Predators of Western Milksnakes include birds, mammals, and larger snakes (Collins, 1993).
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Rundquist, Eric M. 1998. Results of the tenth annual KHS herp counts for 1998, held 1 April-31 May. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (112):11-18.
Rundquist, Eric M. 1998. KDWP herp sting so far nets nine on Kansas and Federal charges. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (112):5-6.
Collins, Joseph T. 1998. Results of the KHS silver anniversary fall field trip. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (114):6-.
Fitch, Henry S. 1999. A Kansas Snake Community: Composition and Changes over 50 Years. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida.
Rundquist, Eric M. 1999. Kansas Herpetological Society herp counts: A 10 year summary and evaluation. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (115):42962.
Bartlett, Richard D. and Alan Tennant. 2000. Snakes of North America: Western Region.
. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas.
Fitch, Henry S. 2000. Population structure and biomass of some common snakes in central North America. Scientific Papers of the Natural History Museum, University of Kansas (17):1-7.
Taggart, Travis W. 2000. KHS spring field trip sets record for attendance. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (120):5-5.
Taggart, Travis W. 2000. Biogeographic analysis of the reptiles (Squamata) in Ellis County, Kansas. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (121):7-16.
Rundquist, Eric M. 2000. Results of the eleventh and twelfth annual KHS herpetofaunal counts for 1999-2000, held 1 April-31 May. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (122):11-16.
Cavitt, John F. 2000. Tallgrass Prairie snake assemblage. Food habits. Herpetological Review 31(1):47-48.
Cavitt, John F. 2000. Fire and a tallgrass prairie community: effects on relative abundance and seasonal activity. Journal of Herpetology 34(1):12-20.
Taggart, Travis W. 2001. The KHS 2001 spring field trip: A rainy rendezvous. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (124):12-14.
Rundquist, Eric M. 2001. Results of the thirteenth annual KHS herp counts for 2001, held 1 April-30 June. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (125):13-16.
Armstrong, Michael P., David Frymire, and Edmund J. Zimmerer. 2001. Analysis of sympatric populations of Lampropeltis triangulum syspila and Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides, in western Kentucky and adjacent Tennessee with relation to the taxonomic status of the Scarlet Kingsnake. Journal of Herpetology 35(4):688-693.
Kingsbury, Bruce and Joanna Gibson. 2002. Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Midwest. Publication of Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, Address not given. 152 pp.
Fogell, Daniel D. 2002. Occurrence and relative abundance of amphibians and reptiles at
Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Homestead National Monument of
America, and Pipestone National Monument within the Heartland Inventory
and Monitoring Network. Interim Report. National Park Service, Washington, D.C.. 6 pp.
Miller, Larry L. 2002. Shawnee County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (4):15.
Dloogatch, Michael A. (Editor). 2002. Herpetology 2002. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 37(1):13-14.
Smith, Brian E. and Nathan T. Stephens. 2003. Conservation assessment of the Pale Milk Snake in the Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota and Wyoming. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Custer, South Dakota. 17 pp.
Freeman, Craig C. 2003. A natural areas inventory of the Ft. Leavenworth Military Reservation, Leavenworth County, Kansas. II. Open-file Report No. 117. Kansas Biological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas. 199 pp.
Fogell, Daniel D. 2003. A herpetofaunal inventory of Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Homestead National Monument of America, and Pipestone National Monument within the Heartland Inventory
and Monitoring Network. National Park Service, Washington, D.C.. 59 pp.
Ernst, Carl H. and E. M. Ernst. 2003. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C. 668 pp.
Suleiman, G. 2003. Fort Riley herpetofaunal count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (5):11-12.
Fitch, Henry S. 2003. Reproduction in snakes of the Fitch Natural History Reservation in northeastern Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (6):21-24.
Taggart, Travis W. 2003. Results of the 2003 KHS spring field trip to Wilson County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (6):2-5.
Whitney, Chad and Brandon DeCavele. 2003. The Red Milk Snake in northeast Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (6):9-10.
Miller, Larry L. and Suzanne L. Miller. 2003. Wakarusa herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):10.
Volkmann, Al. 2003. Cowley County herp count 1. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):7.
Suleiman, Gibran. 2003. Fort Riley herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):9.
Taggart, Travis W. 2003. Results of the KHS 2003 fall field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (8):14-15.
Taggart, Travis W. 2003. Geographic distribution: Lampropeltis triangulum. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (8):19.
Fitch, Henry S., Scott Sharp, and Kylee Sharp. 2003. Snakes of the University of Kansas biotic succession area. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (8):20-21.
Setser, Kirk and John F. Cavitt. 2003. Effects of burning on snakes in Kansas, USA, tallgrass prairie. Natural Areas Journal 23(4):315-319.
Schmidt, Curtis J. 2004. Natural history and status of the exploited Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) in western Kansas and a herpetofaunal inventory of the Smoky Valley Ranch, Logan County, Kansas. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 170 pp.
Taggart, Travis W. 2004. Kansas Herpetological Society 2004 spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (9):2.
Collins, Joseph T. 2004. New records of amphibians, turtles, and reptiles in Kansas for 2003. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (9):8-11.
Taggart, Travis W. 2004. Results of the 2004 KHS spring field trip to Logan County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (10):2-7.
Volkmann, Al. 2004. Cowley County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (11):10.
Washburne, M. 2004. Ellsworth County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (11):10.
Collins, Joseph T. 2004. Marais des Cygnes herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (11):11.
Taggart, Travis W. 2004. Results of the KHS 2004 fall feld trip . Journal of Kansas Herpetology (12):15-16.
Miller, Larry L. 2004. Life history. Lampropeltis triangulum. Reproduction. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (12):17.
Busby, William H., Joseph T. Collins, and G. Suleiman. 2005. The Snakes, Lizards, Turtles, and Amphibians of Fort Riley and Vicinity. 2nd (revised) ed. Kansas Biological Survey, Lawrence.
Taggart, Travis W. 2005. Results of the KHS 2005 fall field trip [to Crawford County]. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (16):19-21.
Bartlett, Richard D. and Patricia P. Bartlett. 2006. Guide and Reference to the Snakes of Eastern and Central North America (North of Mexico). University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Collins, Joseph T. and Suzanne L. Collins. 2006. A Pocket Guide to Kansas Snakes. 1st ed. Great Plains Nature Center, Wichita, Kansas.
Taggart, Travis W. 2006. Distribution and status of Kansas herpetofauna in need of information. State Wildlife Grant T7. Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, Pratt. vii + 106 pp.
Taggart, Travis W. 2006. Results of the KHS spring field trip to Kiowa County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (18):2-5.
Wilgers, Dustin J. and Eva A. Horne. 2006. Effects of different burn regimes on tallgrass prairie herpetofaunal species diversity and community composition in the Flint Hills, Kansas. Journal of Herpetology 40:73-84.
Wilgers, Dustin J., Eva A. Horne, Brett K. Sandercock, and Allan W. Volkmann. 2006. Effects of rangeland management on community dynamics of the herpetofauna of the tallgrass prairie. 62:378-388.
Taggart, Travis W., Joseph T. Collins, and Curtis J. Schmidt. 2007. Estimates of amphibian, reptile, and turtle mortality if Phostoxin is applied to 10,000 acres of prairie dog burrows in Logan County, Kansas. Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, Pratt. 5 pp.
Collins, Joseph T. 2007. A checklist of the amphibians, turtles, and reptiles of the Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in Butler and Greenwood counties, Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (22):9-10.
Taggart, Travis W. 2008. KHS 2008 spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (25):2-3.
Collins, Joseph T. and Suzanne L. Collins. 2009. A Pocket Guide to Kansas Snakes. 2nd ed. Great Plains Nature Center, Wichita, Kansas.
Maxell, Bryce A., Paul Hendricks, M. T. Gates, and S. Lenard. 2009. Montana amphibian and reptile status assessment, literature review, and conservation plan. Montana Natural Heritage Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 642 pp.
Murrow, Daniel G. 2009. KHS 2009 spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (29):42769.
Fogell, Daniel D. 2009. Geographic distribution. Lampropeltis triangulum (Milk Snake). Journal of Kansas Herpetology (30):11.
Collins, Joseph T., Suzanne L. Collins, and Travis W. Taggart. 2010. Amphibians, Reptiles, and Turtles of Kansas. Eagle Mountain Publishing., Provo, Utah. 400 pp.
Murrow, Daniel G. 2010. Kansas Herpetological Society spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (33):2-3.
Hubbs, Brian and Chad Whitney. 2010. Geographic Distribution: Lampropeltis triangulum (Milk Snake). Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (33):6.
Collins, Joseph T., Suzanne L. Collins, and Travis W. Taggart. 2011. Amphibians, Reptiles, and Turtles of the Cimarron National Grassland, Kansas. Second (Revised) Edition. U. S. Forest Service.
McMartin, David C. 2011. U. S. Army 2011 Fort Leavenworth Herpetofaunal Survey: 23 April - 09 May 2011. Privately printed, Leavenworth, Kansas. 33 pp.
Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Kansas Herpetological Society 2011 spring field trip to be held in Chautauqua County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (37):5-7.
Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Results of the KHS Spring Field Trip to Chautauqua County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (38):2-4.
Taggart, Travis W. and Daniel Murrow. 2011. KHS to conduct summer field trip to western Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (38):5.
Nordgren, Matt and Chad Whitney. 2011. Geographic Distribution: Lampropeltis triangulum (Milk Snake) Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (38):7.
Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Results of the Kansas Herpetological Society 2011 Summer Field Trip to Scott State Park. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (39):2.
McMartin, D. Chris. 2011. Herp Count: Fort Leavenworth Herpetofaunal Survey for 2011. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (39):8-9.
Houck, Mike. 2011. Fort Riley Herpetofaunal Survey for 2011. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (39):9.
Rohweder, Megan R. 2012. Spatial conservation prioritization of Kansas for terrestrial vertebrates. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 151 pp.
Powell, Robert, Joseph T Collins, and Errol D Hooper Jr. 2012. Key to the Herpetofauna of the Continental United States and Canada: Second Edition, Revised and Updated. Univ Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 152 pp.
Hamilton, Bryan Tyler, Rachel Hart, and Jack W. Sites Jr. 2012. Feeding ecology of the Milksnake (Lampropeltis triangulum, Colubridae) in the western United States. Journal of Herpetology 46(4):515-522.
Sinclair, Tom. 2013. A four-day spring snake count across northern Kansas. Collinsorum 2(1/2):9.
Baldwin, Mary Kate. 2013. “Herps in Havensville” Herp Surveys. Collinsorum 2(3/4):10.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2012 Spring Field Trip to Bourbon County State Lake. Collinsorum 2(3/4):3.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2012 Fall Field Trip to Atchison County State Lake. Collinsorum 2(3/4):4.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2013 Spring Field Trip to Schermerhorn Park, Cherokee County. Collinsorum 2(3/4):4.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2013 Fall Field Trip to Butler County State Lake. Collinsorum 2(3/4):6.
Mardis, Dexter and Kevin Scott. 2013. 2013 Kansas Herpetofaunal Counts. Collinsorum 2(3/4):7.
Archer, John. 2013. What you missed at the April meeting. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 48(5):72-73.
McMartin, D. Chris. 2014. Fort Leavenworth Heretofaunal Survey for 2013. Collinsorum 3(1):10.
Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Results of the 2014 KHS Fall Field Trip to Woodson County. Collinsorum 3(2-4):12.
Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Recent scientific and standard English name changes effecting the Kansas herpetofauna. Collinsorum 3(2-4):9-10.
Ruane, Sara, Robert W. Bryson Jr., R. Alexander Pyron, and Frank T. Burbrink. 2014. Coalescent species delimitation in Milksnakes (genus Lampropeltis) and impacts on phylogenetic comparative analyses. Systematic Biology 63(2):231-250.
Houck, Mike. 2015. 2015 Fort Riley Herpetofaunal Count final report. Collinsorum 4(1):10-11.
Taggart, Travis W. 2015. Spring Field Trip to the Greenhorn Limestone of Russell County. Collinsorum 4(3):2.
Taggart, Travis W. 2015. Fall Field Trip Held In Washington County. Collinsorum 4(3):4.
Ruane, Sara, Omar Torres-Carvajal, and Frank T. Burbrink. 2015. Independent demographic responses to climate change among temperate and tropical Milksnakes (Colubridae: Genus Lampropeltis). PLOS One 10(6):1-17.
Hileman, Eric T., Joshua M. Kapfer, Timothy C. Muehlfeld, and John H. Giovanni. 2015. Recouping lost information when mark-recapture data are pooled: A case study of
Milksnakes (Lampropeltis triangulum) in the upper midwestern United States. Journal of Herpetology 49(3):428-436.
Ruane, Sara. 2015. Using geometric morphometrics for integrative taxonomy: An examination of head shapes of milksnakes (genus Lampropeltis). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2015:1-20.
Pittman, Galen L., Henry S. Fitch, and W. Dean Kettle. 2016. Vertebrate animals on the Fitch Natural History Reservation (1948-2002). Kansas Biological Survey Report Number 188, Lawrence. 48 pp.
Powell, Robert, Roger Conant, and Joseph T. Collins. 2016. Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston. 494 pp.
Taylor, Michael. 2016. Geographic distribution: Lampropeltis gentilis: Norton County, Kansas. Collinsorum 5(4):16.
Taggart, Travis W. 2016. Spring 2016 KHS field trip to Clark County was a soggy success. Collinsorum 5(2-3):2-3.
Taggart, Travis W. and J. Daren Riedle. 2017. A Pocket Guide to
Kansas Amphibians,
Turtles and Lizards. Great Plains Nature Center, Wichita, Kansas. 69 pp.
Crother, Brian I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Eighth edition. Herpetological Circulars (43):1-102.
Mardis, Dexter R. 2017. Results from three Herpetofaunal tallies at Wichita State University’s Youngmeyer Ranch in Northwestern
Elk County. Collinsorum 6(1):8-10.
Taggart, Travis W. 2017. Results of the 2017 KHS Spring Field Trip to Elk County, Kansas. Collinsorum 6(2-3):6-8.
Schmidt, Curtis J. 2017. Herp Count: Southeast Ellis County. Collinsorum 6(2-3):9.
Taggart, Travis W. 2017. Herp Count: Clark County State Lake. Collinsorum 6(2-3):9.
Taggart, Travis W. 2017. Herp Count: Northeast Barton County. Collinsorum 6(2-3):9.
Houck, Mike. 2018. Herp Count: Fort Riley Military Installation. Collinsorum 7(1):17.
Burbrink, Frank T. and Marcelo Gehara. 2018. The biogeography of deep time phylogenetic reticulation. Systematic Biology 67(5):743–755.
Powell, Robert, Joseph T Collins, and Errol D Hooper Jr. 2019. Key to the Herpetofauna of the Continental United States and Canada. Third Edition. Univ Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 192 pp.
Daniel, Richard E. and Brian S. Edmond. 2020. Atlas of Missouri Amphibians and Reptiles for 2019. Privately printed, Columbia, Missouri. 86 pp.
Riedle, J. Daren. 2020. Revisiting Kansas Herpetological Society field trip and Herp Count data:
Distributional patterns and trend data of Kansas amphibians and reptiles. Collinsorum 9(1):7-16.
Chambers, E. Anne and David M. Hillis. 2020. The multispecies coalescent over-splits species in the case of geographically widespread
taxa. Systematic Biology 69(1):184–193.
Hullinger, Allison, Zackary Cordes, Daren Riedle, and William Stark. 2020. Habitat assessment of the Broad-headed Skink (Plestiodon laticeps)
and the associated squamate community in eastern Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 123(1-2):137-150.
Riedle, J. Daren and George R. Pisani. 2020. Revisiting old data to answer modern conservation questions: Population modeling of two species in kingsnakes, Lampropeltis sp. in Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 123(1-2):225-233.
Schmidt, Curtis J and Avery Schmidt. 2021. Herp Count: KHS-2020-4. Collinsorum 9(3):12.
Taggart, Travis W and Sarah L Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Cherokee County: KHS-2020-03. Collinsorum 9(3):12.
Taggart, Travis W and Sarah L Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Hamilton County: KHS-2020-10. Collinsorum 9(3):13.
Taggart, Travis W and Sarah L Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Hodgeman County: KHS-2020-09. Collinsorum 9(3):13.
Taggart, Travis W and Sarah L Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Morton County: KHS-2020-12. Collinsorum 9(3):13.
Schmidt, Curtis J. 2021. Herp Count: Russell County: KHS-2020-16. Collinsorum 9(3):14.
Schmidt, Curtis J. 2021. Herp Count: Russell County: KHS-2020-19. Collinsorum 9(3):14.
Taggart, Meg, Amelia Jaeger, Jesse J. Taggart, and Travis W. Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Ellis County: KHS-2020-21. Collinsorum 9(3):14.
Taggart, Travis W. 2021. Herp Count: Russell County: KHS-2020-24. Collinsorum 9(3):14-15.
Taggart, Travis W., Dan Fogell, and Christopher Visser. 2021. Herp Count: Russell County: KHS-2020-25. Collinsorum 9(3):15.
Burbrink, Frank and Sara Ruane. 2021. Contemporary philosophy and methods for studying
speciation and delimiting species. Ichthyology & Herpetology 109(3):874-894.
Burbrink, Frank T., Justin M. Bernstein, Arianna Kuhn, Marcelo Gehara, and Sara Ruane. 2022. Ecological divergence and the history of gene flow in the Nearctic milksnakes
(Lampropeltis triangulum Complex). Systematic Biology 71(4):839–858.
Bahe, Lauren M., Keith Geluso, and Daniel D. Fogell. 2023. Geographic distribution: Lampropeltis gentilis. USA, Nebraska. Herpetological Review 54(4):599.
Chambers, E. Anne, Thomas L. Marshall, and David M. Hillis. 2023. The importance of contact zones for distinguishing interspecific from intraspecific geographic variation. Systematic Biology 72(2):357–371.
Burbrink, Frank T., Edward A. Myers, R. Alexander Pyron. 2024. Understanding species limits through the formation of phylogeographic lineages. Ecology and Evolution 14(10):1-18.