The semi-aquatic Yellow Mud Turtle is characterized by a short tail which ends in a horny, clawlike tip, a rigid upper shell, a lower shell with a distinct movable hinge, and webbed feet. The upper shell is brown or olive-brown with dark brown margins around each scute. They are frequently covered in filamentous algae. The lower shell is yellowish brown with dark brown margins around each scute. The head, limbs, and tail are grayish, and the chin is yellow. Adult males have longer, thicker tails and grow slightly larger than females.
Adults are normally 100-125 mm (4-5 inches) in carapace length. The largest specimen from Kansas (sex undetermined) (FHSM 9661) from Rooks County with a carapace length of 146 mm (5¾ inches) collected by Chad Whitney on 3 October 2004. The maximum carapace length throughout the range is 161.9 mm (63⁄8 inches) (Powell et al., 2016).
Yellow Mud Turtles inhabit still to slow-moving aquatic situations with muddy bottoms, such as ponds, cattle tanks, lakes, and ditches.
Well represented throughout the Arkansas River drainage and the western reaches of the Kansas River drainages. Evidently in isolated populations along the Kansas River and possibly the Marais des Cygnes, Neosho, and Verdigris drainages, although these records are in need of corroboration. The record Pottawatomie County is supported by the occurrence of this species along the Missouri River in western Missouri. An isolated population persists in Labette and Cherokee counties in extreme southeastern Kansas.
Specimens exist for Greenwood (MCZ 8432, USNM 55751, CAS 33399), Franklin (KU 3029-30), and Wallace (MCZ 5837, KU 302-3, AMNH 2671-2) counties but their respective localities are only given to the county, and therefore cannot be mapped precisely. Additionally, Iverson (1979) questioned the records from Franklin and Greenwood counties but pointed out the possibility that these populations may represent relict populations. These records were rejected (J. T. Collins, personal communication 16 May 2005 [also see Collins (1982)]) due to the ambiguous nature of their respective localities and the absence of supporting records for the intervening 90 years.
The record(s) mapped by Collins (1993) from Ford County, are unknown and not mapped.
This turtle prefers quiet water with a mud or sand bottom. It has been found in sloughs, backwaters, swamps, sinkholes, rivers, cisterns, roadside ditches, and cattle tanks. Although presence of aquatic vegetation is preferred by this turtle, it is not necessary.
Yellow Mud Turtles are active from April to September at air temperatures from 65-90°F. Apparently, their daily activity is divided into two periods; from afternoon to dusk and from midnight to sunrise. This species may forage on land and is frequently found crawling from one body of water to another. It is also known to bask on brush or logs at the water's edge. Cornelius Rogers found six of these turtles under a small pile of drift at the edge of a dry pond in drought-stricken Barber County, Kansas, on August 13, 1934, where they were buried together with the larger examples on top (Burt, 1935). During winter, Yellow Mud Turtles burrow in mud above or below water or reside in muskrat dens or old stump holes.
Breeding in this species is not well documented in Kansas but probably takes place before June. Courtship involves the male approaching other turtles from the rear and smelling their tails, evidently to determine sex. Upon discovering a female, the male moves to her side and nudges the underedge of her shell with his nose. A receptive female is mounted immediately, but a reluctant female causes the male to give chase until mounting is achieved. The male mounts the female by clasping her upper shell with his clawed feet. He pinions her tail up between his rear legs and positions his cloaca to hers. Copulation may last up to three hours. During copulation, the male extends his head forward and rubs and bites the female's head.
Nesting probably occurs in June, but nesting habits have not been observed in Kansas. Females lay up to seven elongate white eggs, which hatch within three months.
Yellow Mud Turtles are omnivorous, eating insects, crayfishes, snails, earthworms, amphibians, dead fishes, and aquatic vegetation. Their acute sense of underwater smell aids them in locating food.
Fish, other turtles, and snakes eat young Yellow Mud Turtles (Collins, 1993). This turtle can emit a foul-smelling musk when excited.
Cragin (1885) first reported the species from Kansas based on a specimen from Trego County (as Cinosternum pennsylvanicum), "in the cabinet of the State Agricultural College.", collected by S. C. Mason. The earliest existing specimen (MCZ 5837) collected at Wallace, Wallace County, by famed herpetologist Samuel Garmen in 1883 (day and month unknown).
Based on a captive specimen, Snider and Bowler (1992) reported a maximum longevity for this turtle of ten years, four months, and 25 days.
References
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