The Common Lesser Earless Lizard is characterized by four limbs and the lack of an ear opening on each side of the head. The head, body, limbs, and tail of this species are light gray or gray-brown. The upper surface of the neck, back, and tail base are covered with 9- 14 dark brown spots. The belly is grayish and unmarked except for two or three blue-bordered, short, black bars which barely extend up onto the sides of the lizard. Adult males have grayer throats than females. Pregnant females develop orange coloration on their sides.
Adults are normally 100-130 mm (4-5¼ inches) in total length. The largest specimen from Kansas is a female (FHSM 6675) from Trego County with a snout-vent length of 60 mm and a total length of 122 mm (4¾ inches) collected by Dan E. Hesket on 22 March 1986. The maximum length throughout the range is 130.2 mm (51⁄8 inches) (Conant and Collins, 1998).
This lizard is known from the western two-thirds of the state. The records for Girard, Crawford County (AMNH 1450-1) and
Neosho Falls, Woodson County (USNM 4692) are dubious and in need of verification.
Thirteen specimens from Elk County (KU 200-12) are recorded to the county only and are not mapped. Specimens from Greenwood (UCM 5689), Grant (USNM 71509), Graham (KU 237-41, 2159), Lane (KU 10985), Marion (KU 223-6), Osborne (UMMZ 71431, KU 298) and Wilson (AMNH 2682-4) counties are given only to county and are not mapped.
Clarke (1965) and Werth (1972) studied this lizard in Kansas, supplying most of the known information from the state.
The Lesser Earless Lizard is restricted to flat, sandy, cultivated, clay, or gravel areas of loose soil with little or no vegetation. Its distribution in eastern Kansas is spotty because continuous habitat for this lizard apparently does not occur.
Knight and Collins (1977) considered this lizard most abundant around prairie dog towns in Cheyenne County but found it also in sandy areas around impoundments and along rivers.
This species is active from April to September when optimal temperatures prevail. The colder months are spent beneath the ground to avoid adverse temperatures.
Lesser Earless Lizards are active only during the day, basking and foraging for food. In western Kansas, there are two distinct periods of daily activity from about 1100 to 1300 hours and 1500 to 1700 hours. During the extremely hot period from 1300 to 1500 hours, these lizards frequently retreat to the shade of burrows. Preferred air temperature for this lizard appears to be above 70°F. Like many lizards, this species has a home range and is territorial. The home range may contain numerous individuals of both sexes, but one male is normally dominant. Males of this species display dominance by executing "push-ups" or "bobbing" in a distinct cadence.
According to Clarke (1965), a courting male Lesser Earless Lizard rapidly nods his head upon approaching a female and may nudge her on the side or beneath the tail with his nose. The male then grasps the receptive female by the loose skin between her shoulders and curls the rear of his body beneath her tail until their cloacae meet. Copulation lasts at least twenty seconds. Upon dismounting from the female, the male elevates the rear of his body and holds his tail up in an arching curve. Individuals reach sexual maturity have their first hibernation (Fitch, 1970). Gravid females are known from May, June, July, and August and hatchlings have been observed as early as 6 July. Breeding likely takes place in April and May and egg-laying in late May and tapering off into late July and August (Fitch, 1970). Fitch (1970) examined 47 egg-bearing females from Kansas and found they contained 2-8 eggs (avg. 4.95).
Females lay one to ten eggs (Fitch, 1985) during May or June. The eggs hatch in one to two months, depending on air temperatures during incubation.
According to Smith (1956), 75 percent of the diet of this lizard consists of grasshoppers and true bugs. Evidently, this species consumes large numbers of harmful insects and is beneficial to farmers. Hartman (1906) found small beetles and a grasshopper nymph in the stomachs of three specimens from Graham County.
Predators of the Lesser Earless Lizard include birds, small mammals, snakes, and larger lizards (Collins, 1993).
The Common Lesser Earless Lizard was first reported from Kansas by Hallowell (1857). The earliest available specimens (12 total) (Museum of Comparative Zoology [MCZ 2460; now MCZ 167918-167930) were collected by the famed landscape painter Albert Bierstadt at Fort Hays sometime during 1862 and received at the MCZ by 1874.
USNM 4692 (3 specimens from Neosho Falls, Woodson County collected by B. F. Goss) were published (p. 117) in Cochran (1961) as a paratype of Holbrookia maculata perspicua.
Axtell (1956) gave the name H. m. perspicua for those populations occurring in the Flint Hills of Kansas (and south into central Oklahoma and north-central Texas). He described their range as "... distributed on 'islands' of suitable habitat in the extensively eroded, dissected, or 'cut' plains of Texas, Oklahoma, and southeastern Kansas." In specimens from this population, the dorsal blotches are much more defined, and the white speckling is greatly reduced (to absent) in males. Additionally, the lateral blotches typically coalesce to form a single jagged band.
Axtell (ibid.) lists the following Kansas material (Butler Co.-1 mi. w. Keighly (UKMNH 17903 [currently listed as a Thamnophis radix from Harper County, correct catalog number is likely 17902]). Elk County: no specific locality (UKMNH 200-212). Woodson Co.-Neosho Falls (USNM 4692)). Additional populations that may be assignable to this taxon were discovered in Chase County in 1958 (KU 188465), 1963 (KU 98582), and 2009 (FHSM 14588; see Murrow (2009)).
Axtell (ibid.) regarded the populations west of the Flint Hills as the nominate subspecies (H. m. maculata).
By 2006, this species had seemingly disappeared from areas it was formerly abundant. Choate et al. (1981) found it the most common vertebrate on the Arkansas River sand-sage prairie south of Holcomb in Finny County. A subsequent survey of equal duration (Taggart 2006) at the same location failed to turn up any specimens.
Platt (1985, 1998) noted the decline of this taxon over the 40+ years he monitored reptile populations in Harvey County. Common Lesser Earless Lizards were regularly observed and caught in traps between 1959 and 1974, however during trapping efforts in 1984, 1985, 1997, and 1998, no specimens were collected, and only one was observed (in 1984). Platt (1998) went on to recommend that more information needs to be collected about the present distribution of this species in Kansas.
More recently, survey work has shown that this species has recovered in most areas. A comprehensive resurvey has not been initiated however and the fate of smaller, peripheral populations is unknown.
References
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