False and Ouachita Map Turtles can be differentiated from each other by the shape and placement of the markings on their head. The individual head markings are not always visible (a turtle in hand with its head concealed) and even when the marking are visible they may show characteristics of both species. There is not currently a method to differentiate them by the shape or coloration of their shell. Mahr (2020) trapped map turtles extensively in eastern Kansas and revisited museum specimens, much of the distribution information presented herein tentatively follows his species assignments of those data.
The semiaquatic False and Ouachita Map Turtle is characterized by a short tail, a rigid upper and lower shell, an upper shell with a roughly jagged rear edge, a distinct high raised keel down the middle of the upper shell, and a short bar or crescent-shaped mark behind the eye, with light head stripes passing beneath this bar or mark to reach the eye. The upper shell is olive or brownish, with thin, light, yellowish lines and black spots. The high keel down the middle of the shell is marked with dark brown or black. The lower shell is cream or yellow and often smudged with dark gray but has no pattern. The limbs and tail are olive, brownish, or gray with narrow yellow stripes. The head is olive, gray, or brownish, and the bar or crescent-shaped mark and head stripes are yellow. Adult males have long claws on the front feet and have longer tails than females. Females are much larger than males.
The range of head markings on the False Map Turtle (G. pseudogeographica) is quite variable. Typically, they have a prominent (yet thin) yellow line behind each eye on the top of the head. The inside of each line tapers toward the mid-line of the head and turns toward the neck. In many specimens, the bar behind the eye will form a thin crescent around the back of the eye on the side of the head.
The head markings of the Ouachita Map Turtle (G. ouachitensis) are less variable and consist of a large squarish blotch behind each eye on the top of the head, which tapers abruptly toward the mid-line and then turns toward the neck. They typically possess a prominent yellow spot between their eye and mouth on each side of the head, and another below it on the lower jaw. In a few specimens, the large blotch behind the eyes may connect with the spot below the eye, to form a thicker jagged 'angled' crescent.
Adults are normally 90-200 mm (3½-8 inches) in carapace length. The largest specimen from Kansas is a female (KU Color Slide 11236) from Riley County with a carapace length of 256 mm (10 inches) collected by Steven Seitz and Robert Seitz on 2 August 1996. The maximum carapace length throughout the range is 105⁄8 inches (Powell et al., 2016).
This turtle inhabits large rivers, backwaters, sloughs, lakes, and ponds. It is found in still, slow, and fast -moving water and prefers an abundance of aquatic vegetation.
The False/Ouachita Map Turtle is normally active from April to October, although it will emerge to bask on sunny winter days. During the winter, it burrows into soft mud or in muskrat dens. Capron (1987) found False/Ouachita Map Turtles floating dead or frozen in ice during winter and speculated they remained active too late in the fall and were killed by rapidly falling temperatures. During the warmer months, this reptile basks for hours on perches over water in the sun, far removed from shoreline. It very rarely ventures onto land except to nest. Capron (1986, 1987) observed this species basking on logs in the lower Arkansas River valley at air temperatures as low as 42°F and as early as 4 February. He estimated 100- 120 of these turtles per river mile in the lower Arkansas River valley.
False/Ouachita Map Turtles usually mate during the spring. Females may lay up to three clutches per season. Courtship consists of the male first swimming over the female, then abruptly facing her and stroking her head and chin with the long claws on his front feet. The female settles to the bottom, and the male follows and mounts her.
Nesting occurs periodically throughout the spring and summer. The female digs a 127 mm (5 inch) hole in loose soil with her hind feet. Each female may lay from 5- 13 elongate white eggs. On 27 June, Michael V. Plummer (pers. comm., 1974; Collins 1993) discovered two clutches of eggs of this species in Douglas County on a sandbar of the Kansas River, four feet above the water level and twenty feet from its edge. The clutches numbered 5 and 12 and hatched on 10 September.
The young had shell lengths of approximately 25-32 mm (1- 1¼ inches). Capron (1987) observed nesting by this turtle from mid to late June along the lower Arkansas River and recorded one large female laying eggs on a sandbar 28 yards from the river edge on 27 June at 1400 hours with an air temperature of 87°F. Eric M. Rundquist (pers. comm. 1989; Collins 1993) recorded a clutch of seven eggs laid on 26 May by a female from Cowley County.
This species is mostly carnivorous, feeding on crayfishes, insects, worms, and dead fishes. It also eats water plants (Collins 1993).
Both species can often be observed from bridges over the streams where they occur. Like other map turtles, the males are much smaller than the females.
First reported in Kansas by Hallowell (1857) from a specimen donated by Fort Riley military surgeon William A. Hammond that was collected near Fort Riley. The earliest existing specimens were collected in 1911 from Montgomery County (KU 3297-9; Verdigris River in July) and Osage County (KU 3164; Long Creek; no other associated data).
Burt (1933) when discussing Graptemys geographica mentioned "A small turtle (K.S.C. 374), which apparently belongs to this species, was secured near Manhattan, Riley County, by J. B. Norton, in July, 1897.", this specimen is likely Graptemys ouachitensis/pseudogeographica.
Many of the museum specimens from Kansas do not permit examination of head coloration or exist only as a dried plastron/carapace. Consequently, we cannot with certainty assign any particular specimen to a species and have elected instead, to retain the complex which recognizes that separate, but cryptic, species do exist. Genetic analyses coupled with the additional morphological examination are needed to adequately address the distribution and status of all three species of this complex in the state.
Based on a captive specimen, Snider and Bowler (1992) reported a maximum longevity for this species of 32 years, six months, and one day.
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