The Western Narrowmouth Toad is characterized by moist skin, a fold of skin across the back of the head behind the eyes, a very pointed snout and small head compared to the rest of its body, a white, unspotted belly, and a distinct color. The head, body, and limbs are uniform gray or light tan. The belly is whitish. Females grow larger than males, and males have blackish throats. The toes are not webbed.
Adults are normally 22-38 mm (7⁄8-1½ inches) in snout-vent length. The largest Kansas specimen is a female (FHSM 9099) from Lincoln County with a snout-vent length of 43 mm (15⁄8 inches) collected by Curtis J. Schmidt and Richard Hayes on 13 July 2004. This is the maximum reported length throughout the range.
Known from the eastern three-fourths of the state, apparently avoiding much of the Western Plains. The record for Hamilton County (UIMNH 62332, from 1955) is in need of corroboration, although it is somewhat supported by specimens just to the west into Colorado. Specimens from the vicinity of the Cimarron River in southeastern Colorado (Hammerson, 1999) indicate that this species may be more widespread in southwest Kansas than is currently known.
This small amphibian is commonly found beneath rocks on open grassy slopes in April. In his intensive study of this amphibian in northeastern Kansas, Fitch (1956) found that it preferred a dry, rocky upland area in open woods or woodland edge but reported that it was tolerant of a wide variety of habitats, including river floodplains and cultivated fields. During early March in Ellis County, Travis Taggart (pers. comm., 1992; Collins 1993) found 20 examples of this toad beneath a large flat limestone rock situated vertically against a shale embankment devoid of vegetation. Where surface rocks are not available to hide under, this species may use rodent burrows. This frog is very secretive and spends most of its life beneath the ground. It is much less tolerant of cold temperatures than other amphibians in Kansas, and its activity season (April to early October) is shorter than that of some Kansas reptiles. The Western Narrowmouth Toad is nocturnal, preferring to emerge from beneath the ground on humid or rainy nights when air temperatures are between 62° and 77°F. Freiburg (1951), working in the same region as Fitch, described the preferred habitat of this species as being beneath flat limestone rocks which have good drainage, loose soil, and few twigs or leaves.
Fitch (1956) reported that the Western Narrowmouth Toad is an opportunistic breeder. Sufficient rainfall and temperatures between May and August will initiate breeding. Males may engage in breeding at least twice in one season. After rain, these small amphibians migrate to temporary pools and the males begin to chorus, normally at night. Their call sounds like the metallic bleat of a sheep and lasts 1-5 seconds.
Caldwell and Glass (1977) reported a chorus of 15 -20 males of this amphibian at temporary pools in Woodson County on 24 June. Collins (1993) recorded a chorus of the Western Narrowmouth Toad around a lake in Barber County on 11 May. Heinrich and Kaufman (1985) heard a chorus of about 25 male frogs at the Konza Prairie near Manhattan on 10 June.
The male mounts a female and clasps her behind the front legs with his forelimbs. Egg-laying occurs a day or two after the frogs have reached the breeding pool. A single female may produce up to 600 eggs, which hatch in two days. The free-swimming tadpoles metamorphose into adults in 20- 30 days and disperse from the breeding site at the first rainfall. Caldwell and Glass (1977) observed tiny tadpoles of this species on 24 June in Woodson County. They returned to the same site on 20 July and found tadpoles nearing metamorphosis. Sexual maturity is reached within one or two years.
The Western Narrowmouth Toad feeds almost exclusively on ants. Tanner (1950) found only ant remains in excrement from this species collected in Riley, Douglas, Geary, and Pottawatomie counties. Brumwell (1951) found only ants in the stomachs of twelve of these amphibians in Leavenworth County. Freiburg (1951) examined the stomachs of 52 specimens from Douglas County and found mostly ants plus some beetle fragments.
Freiburg (1951) list several associates found under rocks and logs with Western Narrow-mouthed Toads, including many invertebrates and the following amphibians and reptiles: Great Plains Skink (Plestiodon obsoletus), Common Five-lined Skink (Plestiodon fasciatus), Blanchard's Cricket Frog (Acris crepitans), American Toad (Anaxyrus americanus), and Plains Leopard Frog (Lithobates blairi). Where they co-occur in southern Kansas (Montgomery/Wilson counties west to Clark County), with Texas Brown Tarantulas (Aphonopelma hentzi), these two seemingly unlikely associates are often found together under large rocks (Dundee, 1999; Dundee et al. 2012; Zamani et al. 2024), the nature of this symbiotic association (e.g., mutualism, commensalism, etc.) is unknown.
Freiburg (1951) reported predation on a Western Narrow-mouthed Toad by a young Eastern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix). Fitch (1956) reported predation on this species in Kansas by shrews, Bullfrogs, Leopard Frogs, and young Copperheads. Taggart (1992) observed predation of a Western Narrowmouth Toad by a Western Ribbon Snake in Chase County.
First reported from Kansas in the original description by American herpetologist and physician Edward Hallowell in 1856. The type locality was taken from the title of the article as "Kansas and Nebraska". The specimen the description was based on was collected by William A. Hammond, a military physician stationed at Fort Riley (Geary/Riley County). The Western Narrow-mouthed Toad enters Nebraska along the Blue and Republican rivers, but in neither instance has it been found more than eight miles into the state. Smith and Taylor (1950) restricted the type locality to Fort Riley, Geary County, Kansas. Restricted type localities carry no weight in nomenclatural priority. The earliest extant specimen (KU 9904) was collected near Hackberry Creek at Oswego, Labette County, on 9 July 1915.
The Western Narrow-mouthed Toad is most readily observed while it is chorusing during late spring and into summer. Over most of its range in Kansas, its bleating call is easily distinguished from other frogs. However, unlike other species of Kansas frogs, both the Western and Eastern Narrow-mouthed Toads are commonly turned up under rocks in April and May.
References
Hallowell, Edward. 1856. Notice of a collection of reptiles from Kansas and Nebraska presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences, by Doctor Hammond, U. S. A. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 8:238-253.
Cragin, Francis W. 1880. A preliminary catalogue of Kansas reptiles and batrachians. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 7:112-123.
Burt, Charles E. 1927. An annotated list of the amphibians and reptiles of Riley County, Kansas. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (189):12.
Linsdale, Jean M. 1927. Amphibians and reptiles of Doniphan County, Kansas. Copeia 1927(164):75-81.
Ortenburger, Arthur I. 1928. The whip snakes and racers: Genera Masticophis and Coluber. Memiors of the University of Michigan Museum (1):1-247.
Stejneger, Leonhard H. and Thomas Barbour. 1933. A Checklist of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 3rd Edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Smith, Hobart M. 1933. The Amphibians of Kansas. Thesis. University of Kansas, Lawrence. 383 pp.
Smith, Hobart M. 1933. On the proper name for the brevicipetid frog Gastrophryne texensis (Girard) . Copeia 1933(4):217.
Smith, Hobart M. 1934. The Amphibians of Kansas. The American Midland Naturalist 15(4):377-527.
Brennan, Lawrence A. 1934. A check list of the amphibians and reptiles of Ellis County, Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 37:189-191.
Brennan, Lawrence A. 1935. Notes on the distribution of Amphibia and Reptilia of Ellis County, Kansas. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 114 pp.
Brumwell, Malcolm J. 1936. Distributional records of the reptilia and amphibians of Kansas. Privately printed. 22 pp.
Blair, W. Frank. 1936. A note on the ecology of Microhyla olivacea. Copeia 1936(2):115.
Youngstrom, Karl A. 1937. Studies on developing behavior in anuran larvae and tadpoles. Dissertation. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 118 pp.
Brennan, Lawrence A. 1937. A study of the habitat of reptiles and amphibians of Ellis County, Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 40:341-347.
Tihen, Joseph A. and James M. Sprague. 1939. Amphibians, reptiles, and mammals of the Meade County State Park. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 42:499-512.
Anderson, Paul. 1942. Amphibians and reptiles of Jackson County, Missouri. Bulletin of the Chicago Academy of Sciences 6(11):203-222.
Hecht, Max K. and Bessie L. Matalas. 1946. A review of middle North American toads of the genus Microhyla. American Museum Novitates (1315):1-21.
Smith, Hobart M. 1950. Handbook of Amphibians and Reptiles of Kansas. University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, Miscellaneous Publication (2):336.
Tanner, Wilmer W. 1950. Notes on the habits of Microhyla carolinensis olivacea (Hallowell). Herpetologica 6(2):47-48.
Smith, Hobart M. and Edward H. Taylor. 1950. Type localities of Mexican reptiles and amphibians. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 23 Pt II(8):313-380.
Brumwell, Malcolm J. 1951. An ecological survey of the Fort Leavenworth Military Reservation. The American Midland Naturalist 45(1):187-231.
Freiburg, Richard E. 1951. An ecological study of the narrow-mouthed toad (Microhyla) in northeastern Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 54(3):374-386.
Schmidt, Karl P. 1953. A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. 6th Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 280 pp.
Smith, Hobart M. 1956. Handbook of Amphibians and Reptiles of Kansas. Second edition. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication (9):1-356.
Fitch, Henry S. 1956. A field study of the Kansas ant-eating frog, Gastrophryne olivacea. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History 8(4):275-306.
Fitch, Henry S. 1956. Early sexual maturity and longevity under natural conditions in the Great Plains narrow-mouthed frog. Herpetologica 12:281-282.
Loomis, Richard B. 1956. The chigger mites of Kansas (Acarina, Trombiculidae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin 37:1195-1443.
Gish, Charles D. 1962. The Herpetofauna of Ellis County, Kansas. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 34 pp.
Choate, Jerry R. 1967. Wildlife in the Wakarusa Watershed of Northeastern Kansas. Kansas Biological Survey, Lawrence. 46 pp.
Gier, Herschel T. 1967. Vertebrates of the Flint Hills. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 70(1):51-59.
Nelson, Craig E. 1972. Gastrophryne olivacea. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles (122):1-4.
Nelson, Craig E. 1972. Systematic studies of the North American microhylid genus Gastrophryne. Journal of Herpetology 6(2):111-137.
Nelson, Craig E. 1973. Gastrophryne. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles (134):1-2.
Nelson, Craig E. 1973. Mating calls of the Microhylinae: Descriptions and phylogenetic and ecological considerations. Herpetologica 29(2):163-176.
Collins, Joseph T. 1974. Amphibians and Reptiles in Kansas. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Public Education Series (1):283 pp.
Karns, Daryl, Ray E. Ashton, Jr., and Thomas Swearingen. 1974. Illustrated Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles in Kansas: An Identification Manual. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History Public Education Series(2):viii + 18.
Rundquist, Eric M. 1976. Field checklist (of) amphibians and reptiles of Kansas. Kansas Herpetological Society, Lawrence.
Caldwell, Janalee P. and Gregory. Glass. 1976. Vertebrates of the Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area. Pages 62-76 in Preliminary inventory of the biota of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area. Report No. 5. State Biological Survey of Kansas, Lawrence.
Rundquist, Eric M. and Joseph T. Collins. 1977. The amphibians of Cherokee County, Kansas. Kansas Biological Survey, Lawrence. 12 pp.
Perry, Janice. 1977. Kansas herps needed. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (18):2-3.
Perry, Janice. 1977. KHS members achieve goal: Get Cottonmouth. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (21):3-4.
Warner, M. and R. Wencel. 1978. Chikaskia River study held near Caldwell. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (25):15-16.
Collins, Joseph T. and Janalee P. Caldwell. 1978. New records of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles in Kansas for 1977. Technical Publication of the State Biological Survey of Kansas 6:70-88.
Guarisco, Hank. 1979. Preliminary laboratory observations of predation by native Texas Garter Snakes upon hatchling Five-lined Skinks. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (32):7-8.
Collins, Joseph T. 1979. New records of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles in Kansas for 1978. Technical Publication of the State Biological Survey of Kansas 8:56-66.
Collins, Joseph T. 1979. Geographic distribution: Gastrophryne olivacea. Herpetological Review 10(3):101.
Clarke, Robert F. 1980. Herptiles and fishes of the western Arkansas River in Kansas. United States Army Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 55 pp.
Spencer, Dwight. 1980. Spencer, D. 1980. Ross Natural History Reservation: the first twenty years, 1959 to 1979. Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas.. 64 pp.
Collins, Joseph T. 1980. New records of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles in Kansas for 1979. Technical Publication of the State Biological Survey of Kansas 9:1-11.
Glass, G. E., and N .A. Slade. 1980. The effect of Sigmodon hispidus on spatial and temporal activity of Microtus ochrogaster: Evidence for competition. Ecology 61:358-370.
Hunt, R. H. 1980. Toad sanctuary in a tarantula burrow. Natural History 89(3):48-53.
Collins, Joseph T. 1981. New records of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles in Kansas for 1980. Technical Publication of the State Biological Survey of Kansas 10:7-19.
Collins, Joseph T. 1982. Report to the Kansas Fish and Game Commission on the status of three amphibians in southeastern Kansas. Kansas Fish and Game Commission, Pratt. 57 pp.
Fitch, Henry S. 1982. Resources of a snake community in prairie-woodland habitat of northeastern Kansas. Pages 83-97 in Herpetological communities: A symposium of the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles and the Herpetologists League, August 1977. Wildlife Research Reports 12. 239 pp. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D. C.
Collins, Joseph T. 1982. Amphibians and Reptiles in Kansas. 2nd edition. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Public Education Series (8).
Collins, Joseph T. 1983. New records of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles in Kansas for 1982 . Technical Publication of the State Biological Survey of Kansas 13:9-21.
Brown, Kenneth L. 1984. Pomona: A plains village variant in eastern Kansas and western Missouri. Dissertation. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 519 pp.
Heinrich, Mark L. 1984. Herpetofauna of the Konza Prairie Research Natural Area in the Flint Hills region of Kansas with respect to habitat selection. Thesis. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas. 57 pp.
Secor, Stephen M. and Charles C. Carpenter. 1984. Distribution maps of Oklahoma reptiles. Oklahoma Herpetological Society Special Publication (3):1-57.
Collins, Joseph T. 1984. New records of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles in Kansas for 1983. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (56):15-26.
Schwarting, Nancy. 1984. KHS field trip, May 1984. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (57):3-4.
Miller, Larry L. 1985. KHS 1985 field trip to Kirwin Reservoir. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (61):11-12.
Lynch, John D. 1985. Annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Nebraska. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 13:33-57.
Collins, Joseph T. 1986. New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 1985. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (63):4.
Collins, Joseph T. 1986. New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 1986. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (66):9-16.
Collins, Joseph T. 1988. New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 1987. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (71):13-19.
Capron, Marty B. 1988. Observations on box turtles, genus Terrapene, in captivity. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (72):17-19.
Collins, Joseph T. 1989. First Kansas herp counts held in 1989. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (77):11-.
Collins, Joseph T. 1989. New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 1989. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (78):16-21.
Collins, Joseph T. 1990. Results of second Kansas herp count held during April-May 1990. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (81):10-12.
Collins, Joseph T. 1990. Maximum size records for Kansas amphibians and reptiles. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (81):13-17.
Conant, Roger and Joseph T. Collins. 1991. Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts.
Fitch, Henry S. 1991. Reptiles and amphibians of the Kansas ecological reserves. Pages 71-74 in Ecology and Hydrology of Kansas Ecological Reserves and the Baker Wetlands. Multidisciplinary Guidebook 4. Kansas Academy of Science, Lawrence, Kansas.
Collins, Joseph T. 1991. New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 1990. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (83):7-13.
Collins, Joseph T. 1991. Results of third Kansas herp count held during April-May 1991. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (85):9-13.
Collins, Joseph T. 1992. New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 1991. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (87):12-17.
Taggart, Travis W. 1992. Observations on Kansas amphibians and reptiles. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (88):13-15.
Collins, Joseph T. 1992. Results of the fourth Kansas herp count held during April-May 1992. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (89):10-.
Gubanyi, James E. 1992. An observation on the stomach contents of a Texas Longnose Snake (Rhinocheilus lecontei tessellatus). Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (89):17.
Collins, Joseph T. and Suzanne L. Collins. 1993. Amphibians and Reptiles in Kansas. Third Edition. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Lawrence. 397 pp.
Collins, Joseph T. and Rundquist, Eric M. 1993. Results of the fifth Kansas herp count held during April-June 1993 . Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (94):7-11.
Viets, Brian E. 1993. An annotated list of the herpetofauna of the F. B., and Rena G. Ross Natural History Reservation. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 96(1/2):103-113.
Collins, Joseph T. 1994. New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 1993. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (97):15-19.
Rundquist, Eric M. 1994. Results of the sixth annual KHS herp counts held 1 April-31 May 1994. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (97):5-14.
Riedle, J. Daren. 1994. A survey of reptiles and amphibians at Montgomery County State Fishing Lake. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (98):11-13.
Moriarty, Emily C. and Joseph T. Collins. 1995. First known occurrence of amphibian species in Kansas. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (100):28-30.
Rundquist, Eric M. 1995. Results of the seventh annual KHS herp counts held 1 April-31 May 1995. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (101):11-17.
Rundquist, Eric M. 1995. Additional KHS herp counts for 1995. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (102):11-.
Rundquist, Eric M. 1996. Results of the eighth annual KHS herp counts Held 1 April-31 May 1996. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (104):6-17.
Miller, Larry L. 1996. Many amphibian and reptile species identified during KHS 1996 fall field trip to Wabaunsee County. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (106):2-3.
Rakestraw, J. 1996. Spring herp counts: A Kansas tradition. Reptile & Amphibian Magazine (March-April):75-80.
Stuart, James N. and Charles W. Painter. 1996. Natural history notes on the Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad, Gastrophryne olivacea, in New Mexico. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 31(3):44-47.
Rundquist, Eric M. 1997. Results of the ninth annual KHS herp counts held 1 April-31 May 1997. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (108):12-17.
Conant, Roger and Joseph T. Collins. 1998. Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. 3rd ed, expanded. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts.
Powell, Robert, Joseph T Collins, and Errol D Hooper Jr. 1998. A Key to Amphibians & Reptiles of the Continental United States and Canada. Univ Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 131 pp.
Gamble, Jerre. 1998. Marais des Cygnes National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hartford, Kansas. 91 pp.
Rundquist, Eric M. 1998. Results of the tenth annual KHS herp counts for 1998, held 1 April-31 May. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (112):11-18.
Rundquist, Eric M. 1999. Kansas Herpetological Society herp counts: A 10 year summary and evaluation. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (115):42962.
Dundee, Harold A. 1999. Gastrophryne olivacea (Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad). Aggregation with tarantula. Herpetological Review 30(2):91-92.
Taggart, Travis W. 2000. KHS spring field trip sets record for attendance. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (120):5-5.
Doren, Van, Mark D., and Curtis J. Schmidt. 2000. A herpetological survey of the Fort Larned National Historic Site, Pawnee County, Kansas. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (120):8-11.
Rundquist, Eric M. 2000. Results of the eleventh and twelfth annual KHS herpetofaunal counts for 1999-2000, held 1 April-31 May. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (122):11-16.
Taggart, Travis W. 2001. The KHS 2001 spring field trip: A rainy rendezvous. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (124):12-14.
Collins, Joseph T. 2001. New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 2000. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (124):6-8.
Rundquist, Eric M. 2001. Results of the thirteenth annual KHS herp counts for 2001, held 1 April-30 June. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (125):13-16.
Kingsbury, Bruce and Joanna Gibson. 2002. Habitat Management Guidelines for Amphibians and Reptiles of the Midwest. Publication of Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, Address not given. 152 pp.
Fogell, Daniel D. 2002. Occurrence and relative abundance of amphibians and reptiles at
Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Homestead National Monument of
America, and Pipestone National Monument within the Heartland Inventory
and Monitoring Network. Interim Report. National Park Service, Washington, D.C.. 6 pp.
Schmidt, Curtis J. and Travis W. Taggart. 2002. Geographic distribution: Gastrophryne olivacea. Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (2):10.
Riedle, J. Daren and A. Hynek. 2002. Amphibian and reptile inventory of the Kansas Army Ammunition Plant, Labette County, Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (2):18-20.
Ellis, Mark R. 2002. Fall 2002 KHS field trip to Washington County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (2):4-5.
Miller, Larry L. 2002. Sumner County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (4):15.
Fogell, Daniel D. 2003. A herpetofaunal inventory of Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Homestead National Monument of America, and Pipestone National Monument within the Heartland Inventory
and Monitoring Network. National Park Service, Washington, D.C.. 59 pp.
Suleiman, G. 2003. Fort Riley herpetofaunal count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (5):11-12.
Collins, Joseph T. 2003. New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 2002. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (5):13-16.
Taggart, Travis W. 2003. KHS conducts first systematic road survey. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (6):11-12.
Taggart, Travis W. 2003. Results of the 2003 KHS spring field trip to Wilson County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (6):2-5.
Miller, Larry L. 2003. Sumner County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):10.
Volkmann, Al. 2003. Cowley County herp count 1. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):7.
Lokke, John L. and Jill Lokke. 2003. Cowley County herp count 2. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):8.
Suleiman, Gibran. 2003. Fort Riley herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):9.
Taggart, Travis W. 2003. Results of the KHS 2003 fall field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (8):14-15.
Delisle, Jennifer M. and William H. Busby. 2004. Biological inventory for vertebrates at Fort Larned National Historic Site of the southern plains network. Natural Heritage Inventory, Kansas Biological Survey, Lawrence. 61 pp.
Volkmann, Al. 2004. Cowley County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (11):10.
Miller, Larry L. 2004. Sumner County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (11):11-12.
Schmidt, Curtis J. and Richard Hayes. 2004. Life history. Gastrotrophryne olivacea. New state maximum length. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (11):15.
Schmidt, Curtis J. and Richard S. Hayes. 2004. Gastrophryne olivacea, (Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad), new state maximum size record. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (11):15.
Taggart, Travis W. 2004. Results of the KHS 2004 fall feld trip . Journal of Kansas Herpetology (12):15-16.
Lannoo, Michael (Editor). 2005. Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species. University fo California Press, Berkeley. 1115 pp.
Taggart, Travis W., Curtis J. Schmidt, and Richard S. Hayes. 2005. Geographic distribution: Gastrophryne olivacea. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (13):10.
Altig, Ronald, Roy W. McDiarmid, Kimberly A. Nichols, and Paul C. Ustach. 2006. Tadpoles of the United States and Canada: A Tutorial and Key. Electronic files accessible at http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/tadpole/. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD, USA. .
Taggart, Travis W. 2006. Distribution and status of Kansas herpetofauna in need of information. State Wildlife Grant T7. Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, Pratt. vii + 106 pp.
Wilgers, Dustin J. and Eva A. Horne. 2006. Effects of different burn regimes on tallgrass prairie herpetofaunal species diversity and community composition in the Flint Hills, Kansas. Journal of Herpetology 40:73-84.
Wilgers, Dustin J., Eva A. Horne, Brett K. Sandercock, and Allan W. Volkmann. 2006. Effects of rangeland management on community dynamics of the herpetofauna of the tallgrass prairie. 62:378-388.
Taggart, Travis W. 2008. KHS 2008 spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (25):2-3.
Gomez, Nicholas J. 2008. Geographic distribution. Gastrophryne olivacea (Great Plains Narrow-mouth Toad). Journal of Kansas Herpetology (26):6.
Low, Brandon. 2008. Geographic distribution. Gastrophryne olivacea (Great Plains Narrow-mouth Toad). Journal of Kansas Herpetology (26):6.
Murrow, Daniel G. 2009. KHS 2009 spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (29):42769.
Collins, Joseph T., Suzanne L. Collins, and Travis W. Taggart. 2010. Amphibians, Reptiles, and Turtles of Kansas. Eagle Mountain Publishing., Provo, Utah. 400 pp.
Murrow, Daniel G. 2010. Kansas Herpetological Society spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (33):2-3.
Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Kansas Herpetological Society 2011 spring field trip to be held in Chautauqua County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (37):5-7.
Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Results of the KHS Spring Field Trip to Chautauqua County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (38):2-4.
Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Results of the Kansas Herpetological Society 2011 Fall Field Trip to Lovewell State Park. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (39):4-5.
Houck, Mike. 2011. Fort Riley Herpetofaunal Survey for 2011. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (39):9.
Rohweder, Megan R. 2012. Spatial conservation prioritization of Kansas for terrestrial vertebrates. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 151 pp.
Powell, Robert, Joseph T Collins, and Errol D Hooper Jr. 2012. Key to the Herpetofauna of the Continental United States and Canada: Second Edition, Revised and Updated. Univ Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 152 pp.
Streicher, Jeffrey W., Christian L. Cox, Jonathan A. Campbell, Eric N. Smith, and Rafael O. de Sa. 2012. Rapid range expansion in the Great Plains Narrow-mouthed Toad (Gastrophryne olivacea) and a revised taxonomy for North American microhylids. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2012(64):645-653.
Bass, Neil. 2013. The Missouri River Fish and Wildlife Mitigation Project: For the river, for you, and for herps. Collinsorum 2(1/2):10-11.
Miller, Larry L. 2013. Wellington Lake Herpetological Survey. Collinsorum 2(1/2):12.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2012 Spring Field Trip to Bourbon County State Lake. Collinsorum 2(3/4):3.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2012 Fall Field Trip to Atchison County State Lake. Collinsorum 2(3/4):4.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2013 Summer Field Trip to Coldwater Lake, Comanche County. Collinsorum 2(3/4):5.
Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2013 Fall Field Trip to Butler County State Lake. Collinsorum 2(3/4):6.
McMartin, D. Chris. 2014. Fort Leavenworth Heretofaunal Survey for 2013. Collinsorum 3(1):10.
Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Results of the 2014 KHS Spring Field Trip to Barber County. Collinsorum 3(2-4):11.
Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Results of the 2014 KHS Fall Field Trip to Woodson County. Collinsorum 3(2-4):12.
Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Recent scientific and standard English name changes effecting the Kansas herpetofauna. Collinsorum 3(2-4):9-10.
Houck, Mike. 2015. 2015 Fort Riley Herpetofaunal Count final report. Collinsorum 4(1):10-11.
Bass, Neil. 2015. Herpetological (Frog and Turtle) Inventories along the Missouri River in Kansas. Collinsorum 4(1):5-9.
Taggart, Travis W. 2015. Spring Field Trip to the Greenhorn Limestone of Russell County. Collinsorum 4(3):2.
Taggart, Travis W. 2015. Fall Field Trip Held In Washington County. Collinsorum 4(3):4.
Pittman, Galen L., Henry S. Fitch, and W. Dean Kettle. 2016. Vertebrate animals on the Fitch Natural History Reservation (1948-2002). Kansas Biological Survey Report Number 188, Lawrence. 48 pp.
Powell, Robert, Roger Conant, and Joseph T. Collins. 2016. Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston. 494 pp.
Taggart, Travis W. 2016. Spring 2016 KHS field trip to Clark County was a soggy success. Collinsorum 5(2-3):2-3.
Taggart, Travis W. 2016. Results of the KHS Summer field trip to Caney River, Chautauqua County, Kansas. Collinsorum 5(2-3):4-5.
Taggart, Travis W. 2016. Results of the KHS ‘Fall’ field trip to Barber County. Collinsorum 5(2-3):6-7.
Snyder, Ariel. 2017. Survey Of Anuran Chytrid (Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis) in Kansas and the Influence of
Anuran Life History in Occurrence. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 53 pp.
Taggart, Travis W. and J. Daren Riedle. 2017. A Pocket Guide to
Kansas Amphibians,
Turtles and Lizards. Great Plains Nature Center, Wichita, Kansas. 69 pp.
Crother, Brian I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Eighth edition. Herpetological Circulars (43):1-102.
Mardis, Dexter R. 2017. Results from three Herpetofaunal tallies at Wichita State University’s Youngmeyer Ranch in Northwestern
Elk County. Collinsorum 6(1):8-10.
Taggart, Travis W. 2017. Results of the 2017 KHS Spring Field Trip to Elk County, Kansas. Collinsorum 6(2-3):6-8.
Schmidt, Curtis J. 2017. Herp Count: Southeast Ellis County. Collinsorum 6(2-3):9.
Taggart, Travis W. 2017. Herp Count: Northeast Barton County. Collinsorum 6(2-3):9.
Houck, Mike. 2018. Herp Count: Fort Riley Military Installation. Collinsorum 7(1):17.
Goldberg, Stephen R. 2018. Notes on reproduction of Western Narrow-mouthed Toads, Gastrophryne olivacea (Anura: Microhylidae), from Texas. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 53(12):253-255.
Powell, Robert, Joseph T Collins, and Errol D Hooper Jr. 2019. Key to the Herpetofauna of the Continental United States and Canada. Third Edition. Univ Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 192 pp.
Daniel, Richard E. and Brian S. Edmond. 2020. Atlas of Missouri Amphibians and Reptiles for 2019. Privately printed, Columbia, Missouri. 86 pp.
Riedle, J. Daren. 2020. Revisiting Kansas Herpetological Society field trip and Herp Count data:
Distributional patterns and trend data of Kansas amphibians and reptiles. Collinsorum 9(1):7-16.
Abbott, Samuel S. 2021. Herp Count: Cowley County: KHS-2020-06. Collinsorum 9(3):12.
Taggart, Travis W and Sarah L Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Seward County: KHS-2020-13. Collinsorum 9(3):13.
Schmidt, Curtis J. 2021. Herp Count: Russell County: KHS-2020-16. Collinsorum 9(3):14.
Schmidt, Curtis J. 2021. Herp Count: Russell County: KHS-2020-19. Collinsorum 9(3):14.
Russell, Elisabeth. 2023. Habitat associations and fine-scale movements of the Red-spotted Toad (Anaxyrus punctatus) in Kansas and the efficacy of remote telemetry for monitoring small-scale movements. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 81 pp.
Berggren, Kaitlyn, Keith Geluso, and Daniel D. Fogell. 2023. Geographic distribution: Gastrophryne olivacea. Nebraska. Herpetological Review 54(4):592.
Buchmeier, Brent D., Keith Geluso, and Daniel D. Fogell. 2023. Geographic distribution: Gastrophryne olivacea. Nebraska. Herpetological Review 54(4):592.
Wright, Jake. 2024. Herpetofaunal assemblage at a former rock quarry in the Flint Hills of Kansas. Collinsorum 13(1):8-9.
Zamani, Alireza, Rick C. West, and William W. Lamar. 2024. An extensive review of mutualistic and similar
ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae:
Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution
of their hirsuteness. Journal of Natural History 58(29-32):107–1143.