Woodhouse's Toad

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Woodhouse's Toad

Anaxyrus woodhousii (Girard, 1854)

Overview

The Woodhouse's Toad is characterized by dry skin, a round snout, an enlarged kidney-shaped gland on the neck behind each eye, bony crests between and behind the eyes, those behind the eyes touching the enlarged, kidney-shaped gland behind each eye, and a light-colored belly with no spots or only one spot on the breast. A white or yellowish stripe extends down the back. The color of this toad varies from gray or greenish gray to brown, with dark green-gray or dark brown spots. The belly is white or yellowish. Breeding males are smaller than females and have dark throats and an enlarged, horny pad on the inner finger of each hand.
Adults are normally 64-100 mm (2½-4 inches) in snout-vent length. The largest Kansas specimen is a female (KU 158018) from Douglas County with a snout-vent length of 120 mm (4¾ inches), collected by Ken Davidson on 9 July 1975. The maximum length throughout the range is 127 mm (5 inches) (Powell et al. 2016).

Distribution

Common throughout all but extreme southeast Kansas, where they are gradually replaced by Fowler's Toads (Bufo fowleri).
Juveniles may be largely restricted to relatively mesic environments associated with breeding habitats of adults.
Adults are found in a variety of habitats, although they are uncommon in nonriparian woodlands. They can be common in disturbed habitats such as irrigated fields, golf courses, and urban parks with ponds.

Reproduction

This toad occurs anywhere that suitable habitat exists. It appears to prefer lowlands and sandy areas and is generally the only toad found on the floodplains of larger streams and rivers. Like most toads, it remains hidden during the day and emerges at night to hunt for food. This species, like many other amphibians and reptiles in western Kansas, appears to use the burrows of small mammals as retreats. In northeastern Kansas, Fitch (l 956) considered Woodhouse's Toads uncommon in his wooded upland study area, where the American Toad was abundant. He commented that this toad may be able to withstand higher temperatures than the American Toad.
The Woodhouse's Toad is active between March and late September; during the gradually warming temperatures of spring in eastern Kansas, it probably does not emerge as early as the American Toad. Heinrich and Kaufman (1985) observed this species active on the Konza Prairie from 14 June to 21 August.
They frequent a great variety of habitats but seem to be most abundant in sandy areas. The call is a low-pitched nasal waaaaah heard following rains from March through June.
According to Blair et al. (1972), this toad breeds opportunistically and appears to prefer sloughs on river floodplains. Knight and Collins (1977) considered this toad the most abundantly observed amphibian in Cheyenne County, in extreme northwestern Kansas. They observed thirty male Woodhouse's Toads calling from a sandpit lake on 23 May and found tadpoles of this species on 27 May in an impoundment near the Republican River.
Generally, breeding begins later and at warmer temperatures than in the American Toad. Male Woodhouse's Toads congregate in small numbers at suitable breeding sites from March to August when rainfall and temperatures permit. Chorusing begins, a female is attracted, and the male toad mounts her, clasping her behind the front legs with his forelimbs. A female may lay up to 25,000 eggs. Two female Woodhouse's Toads from Doniphan County laid an average of 8,500 eggs in May (H. Guarisco, pers. comm., 1980; Collins, 1993). The eggs hatch, and the free-swimming tadpoles metamorphose into adults. Heinrich and Kaufman (1985) heard choruses of this toad from late April through June on the Konza Prairie. Taggart (1992) observed these toads active in Allen County as early as 15 April at an air temperature of 51 °F, and heard choruses in that same county as early as 28 April at 58° F. Like most toads, they remain hidden/buried during the day and are most active on humid nights. They can often be found around buildings foraging under lights that attract insects. Hartman (1906) examined the stomach contents of three young specimens from Graham County, that found ants and small beetles. Smith (1934) reported that this toad eats bees, beetles, insect larvae, spiders, and ants and noted the economic importance of this species consuming large numbers of insects, sometimes eating as much as two-thirds of its own weight in a single day.

Remarks

Hallowell (1859) mentions the Woodhouse's Toad from the "upper Arkansas". However, it was first reported definitely from Kansas by Cragin (1880), who listed a specimen from "Kansas' under the synonym Bufo lentiginosus Shaw, var. frontosus Cope.
The earliest existing specimen (KU 6386) was collected on Mouth Oread in Lawrence (Douglas County) on 17 May 1904 by Frank A. Hartman (see Moriarty and Collins, 1995).
Based on a captive specimen, Snider and Bowler (1992) reported a maximum longevity of 13 years, 3 months, and 12 days for this species.

References

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Collins, Joseph T. 1991. Results of third Kansas herp count held during April-May 1991. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (85):9-13.

Collins, Joseph T. 1992. New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 1991. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (87):12-17.

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Collins, Joseph T. 1992. Results of the fourth Kansas herp count held during April-May 1992. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (89):10-.

Edds, David R. 1992. Observations of the 1992 Sharon Springs rattlesnake roundup. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (90):11.

Taggart, Travis W. 1992. Results of the KHS annual field trip to Sheridan County State Lake. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (90):3-4.

Taggart, Travis W. 1992. KHS field trips. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (91):3.

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Collins, Joseph T. 1995. New records of amphibians and reptiles in Kansas for 1994. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (100):24-47.

Moriarty, Emily C. and Joseph T. Collins. 1995. First known occurrence of amphibian species in Kansas. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (100):28-30.

Rundquist, Eric M. 1995. Results of the seventh annual KHS herp counts held 1 April-31 May 1995. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (101):11-17.

Rundquist, Eric M. 1995. Additional KHS herp counts for 1995. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (102):11-.

Moriarty, Emily C. and Joseph T. Collins. 1995. An estimate of numbers of Plains leopard frogs at a site in northeastern Kansas. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (102):14-15.

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Miller, Larry L. 1996. Results of the KHS 1995 fall field trip. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (103):3.

Rundquist, Eric M. 1996. Results of the eighth annual KHS herp counts Held 1 April-31 May 1996. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (104):6-17.

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Rundquist, Eric M. 1998. Results of the tenth annual KHS herp counts for 1998, held 1 April-31 May. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (112):11-18.

Rundquist, Eric M. 1999. Kansas Herpetological Society herp counts: A 10 year summary and evaluation. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (115):42962.

Taggart, Travis W. 1999. Cherokee County fall 1999 herp count. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (117):6.

Taggart, Travis W. 2000. KHS spring field trip sets record for attendance. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (120):5-5.

Doren, Van, Mark D., and Curtis J. Schmidt. 2000. A herpetological survey of the Fort Larned National Historic Site, Pawnee County, Kansas. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (120):8-11.

Rundquist, Eric M. 2000. Results of the eleventh and twelfth annual KHS herpetofaunal counts for 1999-2000, held 1 April-31 May. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (122):11-16.

Sievert, Lynnette M. and Janet K. Bailey. 2000. Specific dynamic action in the toad, Bufo woodhousii. Copeia 2000(4):1076-1078.

Fitch, Henry S. 2001. Further study of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, in northeastern Kansas. Scientific Papers of the Natural History Museum, University of Kansas (19):1-6.

Schmidt, Curtis J. 2001. The amphibians, turtles, and reptiles of the Smoky Valley Ranch, Logan County, Kansas. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (124):9-11.

Taggart, Travis W. 2001. Results of the KHS spring field trip west. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (125):10.

Rundquist, Eric M. 2001. Results of the thirteenth annual KHS herp counts for 2001, held 1 April-30 June. Kansas Herpetological Society Newsletter (125):13-16.

Witters, Lani R. and Lynnette Sievert. 2001. Feeding causes thermophily in the Woodhouse's Toad (Bufo woodhousii). Journal of Thermal Biology 26(3):205-208.

Kretzer, Justin E. and Jack F. Cully, Jr. 2001. Effects of Blacktailed Prairie Dogs on reptiles and amphibians in Kansas shortgrass prairie. Southwestern Naturalist 46(2):171-177.

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Ellis, Mark R. 2002. Fall 2002 KHS field trip to Washington County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (2):4-5.

Taggart, Travis W. 2002. Results of the spring 2002 KHS field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (3):6-7.

Taggart, Travis W. 2002. Results of the KHS 2002 fall field Trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (4):11-13.

Masta, Susan E., Brian K. Sullivan, Trip Lamb, and Eric J. Routman. 2002. Molecular systematics, hybridization, and phylogeography of the Bufo americanus complex in eastern North America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24:302-314.

Fogell, Daniel D. 2003. A herpetofaunal inventory of Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Homestead National Monument of America, and Pipestone National Monument within the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network. National Park Service, Washington, D.C.. 59 pp.

Suleiman, G. 2003. Fort Riley herpetofaunal count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (5):11-12.

Taggart, Travis W. 2003. Kansas Herpetological Society 2003 spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (5):3-4.

Washburne, Jeremy and Michael. Washburne. 2003. Geographic distribution: Bufo woodhousii. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (6):8.

Suleiman, Gibran. 2003. Fort Riley herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (7):9.

Schmidt, Curtis J. 2004. Natural history and status of the exploited Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) in western Kansas and a herpetofaunal inventory of the Smoky Valley Ranch, Logan County, Kansas. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 170 pp.

Delisle, Jennifer M. and William H. Busby. 2004. Biological inventory for vertebrates at Fort Larned National Historic Site of the southern plains network. Natural Heritage Inventory, Kansas Biological Survey, Lawrence. 61 pp.

Taggart, Travis W. 2004. Kansas Herpetological Society 2004 spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (9):2.

Collins, Joseph T. 2004. New records of amphibians, turtles, and reptiles in Kansas for 2003. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (9):8-11.

Taggart, Travis W. 2004. Geographic distribution. Bufo woodhousii. Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (10):10.

Taggart, Travis W. 2004. Results of the 2004 KHS spring field trip to Logan County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (10):2-7.

Volkmann, Al. 2004. Cowley County herp count. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (11):10.

Taggart, Travis W. 2004. Results of the KHS 2004 fall feld trip . Journal of Kansas Herpetology (12):15-16.

Pauly, Gregory B., David M. Hillis, and David C. Cannatella. 2004. The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58:2517-2535.

Lannoo, Michael (Editor). 2005. Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species. University fo California Press, Berkeley. 1115 pp.

Taggart, Travis W., Curtis J. Schmidt, and Richard S. Hayes. 2005. Geographic distribution: Bufo woodhousii. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (13):10.

Taggart, Travis W. 2005. Results of the KHS 2005 fall field trip [to Crawford County]. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (16):19-21.

Altig, Ronald, Roy W. McDiarmid, Kimberly A. Nichols, and Paul C. Ustach. 2006. Tadpoles of the United States and Canada: A Tutorial and Key. Electronic files accessible at http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/tadpole/. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD, USA. .

Taggart, Travis W. 2006. Addendum report to biological inventory of the sandsage prairie near Holcomb, Kansas. Sunflower Electric Cooperative, Hays, Kansas. 31 pp.

Taggart, Travis W. 2006. Distribution and status of Kansas herpetofauna in need of information. State Wildlife Grant T7. Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, Pratt. vii + 106 pp.

Frost, Darrel R, Taran Grant, Julian Faivovich, Raoul H. Bain, Alexander Haas, Celio F. B. Haddad, Rafael O. De Sa, Alan Channing, Mark Wilkinson, Stephen C. Donnellan, Christopher J. Raxworthy, Jonathan A. Campbell, Boris L. Blotto, Paul Moler, Robert C. Drewes, Ronald A. Nussbaum, John D. Lynch, David M. Green, and Ward C. Wheeler. 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (297):370.

Wilgers, Dustin J., Eva A. Horne, Brett K. Sandercock, and Allan W. Volkmann. 2006. Effects of rangeland management on community dynamics of the herpetofauna of the tallgrass prairie. 62:378-388.

Taggart, Travis W., Joseph T. Collins, and Curtis J. Schmidt. 2007. Estimates of amphibian, reptile, and turtle mortality if Phostoxin is applied to 10,000 acres of prairie dog burrows in Logan County, Kansas. Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, Pratt. 5 pp.

Taggart, Travis W. 2007. A biological inventory of the Sunflower Electric Site near Holcomb, Kansas. Journal of Kansas Herpetology 23:11-16.

Pauly, Gregory B. 2008. Phylogenetic systematics, historical biogeography, and the evolution of vocalizations in Nearctic toads (Bufo). Dissertation. University of Texas, Austin. 165 pp.

Taggart, Travis W. 2008. KHS 2008 spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (25):2-3.

Fontenot, Brian E. 2009. Natural hybridization and speciation in toads of the Anaxyrus americanus group. Dissertation. University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas. 224 pp.

Murrow, Daniel G. 2009. KHS 2009 spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (29):42769.

Collins, Joseph T., Suzanne L. Collins, and Travis W. Taggart. 2010. Amphibians, Reptiles, and Turtles of Kansas. Eagle Mountain Publishing., Provo, Utah. 400 pp.

Murrow, Daniel G. 2010. Kansas Herpetological Society spring field trip. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (33):2-3.

Collins, Joseph T., Suzanne L. Collins, and Travis W. Taggart. 2011. Amphibians, Reptiles, and Turtles of the Cimarron National Grassland, Kansas. Second (Revised) Edition. U. S. Forest Service.

Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Kansas Herpetological Society 2011 spring field trip to be held in Chautauqua County. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (37):5-7.

Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Results of the Kansas Herpetological Society 2011 Summer Field Trip to Scott State Park. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (39):2.

Taggart, Travis W. 2011. Results of the Kansas Herpetological Society 2011 Fall Field Trip to Lovewell State Park. Journal of Kansas Herpetology (39):4-5.

Fontenot, Brian E., Robert Makowsky, Paul T. Chippindale. 2011. Nuclear-mitochondrial discordance and gene flow in a recent radiation of toads. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59:66-80.

Rohweder, Megan R. 2012. Spatial conservation prioritization of Kansas for terrestrial vertebrates. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 151 pp.

Powell, Robert, Joseph T Collins, and Errol D Hooper Jr. 2012. Key to the Herpetofauna of the Continental United States and Canada: Second Edition, Revised and Updated. Univ Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 152 pp.

Dodd, C. Kenneth. 2013. Frogs of the United States and Canada. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 982 pp.

Bass, Neil. 2013. The Missouri River Fish and Wildlife Mitigation Project: For the river, for you, and for herps. Collinsorum 2(1/2):10-11.

Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2012 Summer Field Trip to Meade County State Park. Collinsorum 2(3/4):3.

Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2012 Fall Field Trip to Atchison County State Lake. Collinsorum 2(3/4):4.

Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2013 Summer Field Trip to Coldwater Lake, Comanche County. Collinsorum 2(3/4):5.

Taggart, Travis W. 2013. KHS 2013 Fall Field Trip to Butler County State Lake. Collinsorum 2(3/4):6.

Langford, Gabriel J. and John Janovy Jr. 2013. Host specificity of North American Rhabdias spp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae): Combining field data and experimental infections with a molecular phylogeny. The Journal of Parasitology 99(2):277- 286.

Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Results of the 2014 KHS Spring Field Trip to Barber County. Collinsorum 3(2-4):11.

Taggart, Travis W. 2014. Results of the 2014 KHS summer field trip to Morton County and adjacent Colorado, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. Collinsorum 3(2-4):12.

Brown, Kasandra A. 2015. Occupancy Modeling Of Herpetofauna And Grassland Nesting Birds At Quivira National Wildlife Refuge. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 72 pp.

Houck, Mike. 2015. 2015 Fort Riley Herpetofaunal Count final report. Collinsorum 4(1):10-11.

Bass, Neil. 2015. Herpetological (Frog and Turtle) Inventories along the Missouri River in Kansas. Collinsorum 4(1):5-9.

Taggart, Travis W. 2015. Spring Field Trip to the Greenhorn Limestone of Russell County. Collinsorum 4(3):2.

Taggart, Travis W. 2015. Summer Field Trip In The Harvey County Sandhills. Collinsorum 4(3):3.

Taggart, Travis W. 2015. Fall Field Trip Held In Washington County. Collinsorum 4(3):4.

Watermolen, Dreux J. 2015. Synopsis of chiggers parasitic on North American amphibians. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 50(10):161-170.

Pittman, Galen L., Henry S. Fitch, and W. Dean Kettle. 2016. Vertebrate animals on the Fitch Natural History Reservation (1948-2002). Kansas Biological Survey Report Number 188, Lawrence. 48 pp.

Powell, Robert, Roger Conant, and Joseph T. Collins. 2016. Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston. 494 pp.

Taggart, Travis W. 2016. Spring 2016 KHS field trip to Clark County was a soggy success. Collinsorum 5(2-3):2-3.

Taggart, Travis W. 2016. Results of the KHS ‘Fall’ field trip to Barber County. Collinsorum 5(2-3):6-7.

Snyder, Ariel. 2017. Survey Of Anuran Chytrid (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in Kansas and the Influence of Anuran Life History in Occurrence. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 53 pp.

Taggart, Travis W. and J. Daren Riedle. 2017. A Pocket Guide to Kansas Amphibians, Turtles and Lizards. Great Plains Nature Center, Wichita, Kansas. 69 pp.

Crother, Brian I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Eighth edition. Herpetological Circulars (43):1-102.

Goldberg, Stephen R. 2017. Notes on reproduction of Woodhouse's Toads, Anaxyrus woodhousii (Anura: Bufonidae). Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 52(11):194-197.

Powell, Robert, Joseph T Collins, and Errol D Hooper Jr. 2019. Key to the Herpetofauna of the Continental United States and Canada. Third Edition. Univ Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 192 pp.

Han, Donglin. 2020. The effects of body temperature on the transit rate and endurance of hopping behavior of Anaxyrus woodhousii.. Thesis. Emporia State Univeristy, Emporia, Kansas.. 37 pp.

Daniel, Richard E. and Brian S. Edmond. 2020. Atlas of Missouri Amphibians and Reptiles for 2019. Privately printed, Columbia, Missouri. 86 pp.

Riedle, J. Daren. 2020. Revisiting Kansas Herpetological Society field trip and Herp Count data: Distributional patterns and trend data of Kansas amphibians and reptiles. Collinsorum 9(1):7-16.

Kramer, Diedre. 2020. Pratt Education Center and Wildlife Museum. Kansas Wildlife and Parks Magazine May/June:39-41.

Schmidt, Curtis J. 2021. Herp Count: Russell County: KHS-2020-19. Collinsorum 9(3):14.

Taggart, Megan M. and Travis W. Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Seward County: KHS-2020-27. Collinsorum 9(3):15.

Taggart, Travis W. 2021. Herp Count: Harper County: KHS-2020-26. Collinsorum 9(3):15.

Taggart, Jesse J. and Travis W. Taggart. 2021. Herp Count: Harvey County: KHS-2020-29. Collinsorum 9(3):16.

Haarberg, Caine M. and Keith Geluso. 2022. Geographic Distribution: Anaxyrus woodhousii. USA, Kansas. Herpetological Review 53(1):70.

Dodd, C. Kenneth. 2023. Frogs of the United States and Canada. Second Edition. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 1032 pp.

Russell, Elisabeth. 2023. Habitat associations and fine-scale movements of the Red-spotted Toad (Anaxyrus punctatus) in Kansas and the efficacy of remote telemetry for monitoring small-scale movements. Thesis. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas. 81 pp.

Paysen, Joseph W. 2024. Common Gartersnake roadkill scavenging. Collinsorum 13(1):9-10.

Sirsi, Shashwat, David Rodriguez, and Michael R. J. Forstner. 2024. Using genome‑wide data to ascertain taxonomic status and assess population genetic structure for Houston Toads (Bufo [=Anaxyrus] houstonensis). Scientific Reports 14(1):3306.

Last Updated: 06/04/2026 7:41:15 AM CT — Travis Taggart

THE CENTER FOR NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY — Accessed: Tuesday 09 June 2026 13:17 CT