The Center for North American Herpetology

THE CENTER FOR NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGY

SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES

Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding, 9th Edition

STANDARD ENGLISH NAMES FOR NORTH AMERICAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES COMMITTEE

Committee Chairperson/Editor:

Kirsten E. Nicholson, (Department of Biology, Central Michigan University)

Taxonomic Subcommittees:

(view subcommittees and members)

Class:

Order:

Family:

Genus:

Origin:

Your search returned 229 species; denotes an update since the 9th edition (2025)

Amphibia Gray, 1825 — Amphibians

Caudata Scopoli, 1777 — Salamanders

Ambystomatidae Gray, 1850 — Mole Salamanders

Ambystoma Tschudi, 1838 — Mole Salamanders

A. annulatum Cope, 1886 — Ringed Salamander

A. barbouri Kraus and Petranka, 1989 — Streamside Salamander

A. bishopi Goin, 1950 — Reticulated Flatwoods Salamander

A. californiense Gray, 1853 — California Tiger Salamander

A. cingulatum Cope, 1868 — Frosted Flatwoods Salamander

A. gracile (Baird, 1859) — Northwestern Salamander

A. jeffersonianum (Green, 1827) — Jefferson Salamander

Bogart (2019, Herpetologica 75: 259–267) discussed the biological and taxonomic history of the unisexual Ambystoma, concluding that “none of the various unisexual salamanders can be considered a distinct species.” Raffaëlli (2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World. Plumelec, Penclen) recognized A. platineum for the asexual forms, but most recent workers have not.

A. laterale Hallowell, 1856 — Blue-spotted Salamander

See comment under A. jeffersonianum.

A. mabeei Bishop, 1928 — Mabee's Salamander

A. macrodactylum Baird, 1850 — Long-toed Salamander

Lee-Yaw and Irwin (2012, Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 25: 2276–2287) and Lee-Yaw et al. (2014, Molecular Ecology 23: 4590–4602) evaluated geographic variation of mtDNA and nuclear genes throughout the range of the species and found the distributions of five lineages did not completely agree with those of the five presently recognized subspecies but suggested no changes in the taxonomy of the species. Raffaëlli (2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World. Plumelec, Penclen) continued to recognize the five subspecies.

	*A. m. columbianum* Ferguson, 1961 — Eastern Long-toed Salamander
	*A. m. croceum* Russell and Anderson, 1956 — Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander
	*A. m. krausei* Peters, 1882 — Northern Long-toed Salamander
	*A. m. macrodactylum* Baird, 1850 "1849" — Western Long-toed Salamander
	*A. m. sigillatum* Ferguson, 1961 — Southern Long-toed Salamander

A. maculatum (Shaw, 1802) — Spotted Salamander

A. mavortium Baird, 1850 — Western Tiger Salamander

Everson et al. (2021, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 118(17 e2014719118): 10) conducted rangewide sampling and presented genetic evidence from numerous nuclear loci that there are only two major lineages within this species. One of them corresponds to A. m. nebulosum, while limited evidence was found for the validity of the other described subspecies. They did not recommend taxonomic changes and Raffaëlli (2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World. Plumelec, Penclen) recognized all five subspecies, which we follow here.

	*A. m. diaboli* Dunn, 1940 — Gray Tiger Salamander
	*A. m. mavortium* Baird, 1850 — Barred Tiger Salamander
	*A. m. melanostictum* (Baird in Cooper, 1859) — Blotched Tiger Salamander Authority updated from (Baird, 1860).
	*A. m. nebulosum* Hallowell, 1853 — Arizona Tiger Salamander
	*A. m. stebbinsi* Lowe, 1954 — Sonoran Tiger Salamander

A. opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807) — Marbled Salamander

A. talpoideum (Holbrook, 1838) — Mole Salamander

A. texanum (Matthes, 1855) — Small-mouthed Salamander

A. tigrinum (Green, 1825) — Eastern Tiger Salamander

Dicamptodon Strauch, 1870 — Pacific Giant Salamanders

	*D. aterrimus* (Cope, 1868) — Idaho Giant Salamander
	*D. copei* Nussbaum, 1970 — Cope's Giant Salamander
	*D. ensatus* (Eschscholtz, 1833) — California Giant Salamander
	*D. tenebrosus* (Baird and Girard, 1852) — Coastal Giant Salamander

Amphiumidae Gray, 1825 — Amphiumas

Amphiuma Garden in Smith, 1821 — Amphiumas

Authority updated from Garden, 1821.

	*A. means* Garden, 1821 — Two-toed Amphiuma
	*A. pholeter* Neill, 1964 — One-toed Amphiuma
	*A. tridactylum* Cuvier, 1827 — Three-toed Amphiuma

Cryptobranchidae Fitzinger, 1825 — Giant Salamanders

Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 — Hellbenders

C. alleganiensis (Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801) — Hellbender

The authority has been revised to reflect the most senior publication for this taxon. Hime (2017, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kentucky, Lexington) presented detailed genomic evidence that this taxon consists of five well-defined species-level geographic genetic lineages but did not propose taxonomic changes in his unpublished work. Frétey and Raffaëlli (2021, Bionomina, 25: 35–51) discussed the nomenclatural status of these populations, allocating C. alleganiensis to the Tennessee River drainage populations, C. bishopi to the Ozark populations, and C. horrida (Barton, 1807) to the Ohio River drainage populations. The distinct species in the Kanawha/New and Missouri River drainages each require new names.

	*C. a. alleganiensis* (Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801) — Eastern Hellbender The authority has been revised to reflect the most senior publication for this taxon.
	*C. a. bishopi* Grobman, 1943 — Ozark Hellbender

Plethodontidae Gray, 1850 — Lungless Salamanders

Aneides Baird, 1851 — Climbing Salamanders

	*A. aeneus* (Cope and Packard, 1881) — Green Salamander
	*A. caryaensis* Patton, Apodaca, Corser, Wilson, Williams, Cameron, and Wake, 2019 — Hickory Nut Gorge Green Salamander Newly described species.
	*A. ferreus* Cope, 1869 — Clouded Salamander
	*A. flavipunctatus* (Strauch, 1870) — Speckled Black Salamander The Standard English Name was changed to 'Speckled' Black Salamander by Reilly and Wake (2019, PeerJ 7: 1–36) to reflect the breakup of the A. flavipunctatus complex.
	*A. hardii* (Taylor, 1941) — Sacramento Mountains Salamander
	*A. iecanus* (Cope, 1883) — Shasta Black Salamander Populations along the inner margins of the Coast Ranges in western Tehama and Glenn Counties may be assignable to A. iecanus, but further surveys including morphological and genetic analyses are needed (Reilly and Wake, 2019, PeerJ, 7: 1–36).
	*A. klamathensis* Reilly and Wake, 2019 — Klamath Black Salamander New species.
	*A. lugubris* (Hallowell, 1849) — Arboreal Salamander
	*A. niger* Myers and Maslin, 1948 — Santa Cruz Black Salamander Elevated from the synonymy of A. flavipunctatus by Reilly and Wake (2019, PeerJ 7: 1–36).
	*A. vagrans* (Wake and Jackman, 1999) — Wandering Salamander

Batrachoseps Bonaparte, 1839 — Slender Salamanders

Authority updated from Bonaparte, 1841.

B. altasierrae Jockush, Martinez-Solano, Hansen, and Wake, 2012 — Greenhorn Mountains Slender Salamander

B. attenuatus (Eschscholtz, 1833) — California Slender Salamander

B. bramei Jockush, Martinez-Solano, Hansen, and Wake, 2012 — Fairview Slender Salamander

B. campi Marlow, Brode, and Wake, 1979 — Inyo Mountains Salamander

B. diabolicus Jockusch, Wake, and Yanev, 1998 — Hell Hollow Slender Salamander

B. gabrieli Wake, 1996 — San Gabriel Mountains Slender Salamander

B. gavilanensis Jockusch, Yanev, and Wake, 2001 — Gabilan Mountains Slender Salamander

B. gregarius Jockusch, Wake, and Yanev, 1998 — Gregarious Slender Salamander

B. incognitus Jockusch, Yanev, and Wake, 2001 — San Simeon Slender Salamander

B. kawia Jockusch, Wake, and Yanev, 1998 — Sequoia Slender Salamander

B. luciae Jockusch, Yanev, and Wake, 2001 — Santa Lucia Mountains Slender Salamander

B. major Camp, 1915 — Southern California Slender Salamander

Jockusch et al. (2020, PeerJ, 8(e9599)) gave a detailed phylogeographic estimate of B. major and the southern clade of B. nigriventris based on mitochondrial and nuclear evidence. Several species including B. major comprise deeply divergent genetic lineages that do not correspond to existing taxonomy. They retained B. m. aridus, but additional revision is needed.

	*B. m. aridus* Brame, 1970 — Desert Slender Salamander
	*B. m. major* Camp, 1915 — Garden Slender Salamander The term "Slender" was previously included in the Standard English Name for this taxon but was erroneously omitted in the 7th and 8th editions of this list. We correct that error here.

B. minor Jockusch, Yanev, and Wake, 2001 — Lesser Slender Salamander

B. nigriventris Cope, 1869 — Black-bellied Slender Salamander

B. pacificus (Cope, 1865) — Channel Islands Slender Salamander

B. regius Jockusch, Wake, and Yanev, 1998 — Kings River Slender Salamander

B. relictus Brame and Murray, 1968 — Relictual Slender Salamander

B. robustus Wake, Yanev, and Hansen, 2002 — Kern Plateau Salamander

B. simatus Brame and Murray, 1968 — Kern Canyon Slender Salamander

B. stebbinsi Brame and Murray, 1968 — Tehachapi Slender Salamander

B. wakei Sweet and Jockusch, 2021 — Arguello Slender Salamander

New Species. Delimited from B. pacificus by Sweet and Jockusch, (2021, Ichthyology & Herpetology 109: 836–850).

B. wrighti (Bishop, 1937) — Oregon Slender Salamander

Desmognathus Baird, 1850 — Dusky Salamanders

Substantial cryptic diversity in this group was uncovered using genetic evidence by Kozak et al. (2005, Evolution, 59: 2000–2016), Tilley et al. (2013, Ecology and Evolution 3: 2547–2567), Beamer and Lamb (2020, Zootaxa, 4734: 1–61), and Pyron et al. (2022, Ecology and Evolution 12(2: e8574): 1–38), facilitating recent taxonomic revisions and the description or resurrection of 18 species.

	*D. abditus* Anderson and Tilley, 2003 — Cumberland Dusky Salamander
	*D. adatsihi* Pyron and Beamer, 2022 — Cherokee Mountain Dusky Salamander New Species. Delimited from D. ocoee by Pyron and Beamer (2022, Zootaxa 5190: 207–240).
	*D. aeneus* Brown and Bishop, 1947 — Seepage Salamander
	*D. amphileucus* Bishop, 1941 — Southern Black-bellied Salamander Elevated from the synonymy of nominal Desmognathus quadramaculatus by Pyron and Beamer (2022, Bionomina, 27: 1–43).
	*D. anicetus* Pyron and Beamer, 2023 — Foothills Dusky Salamander Elevated from the synonymy of nominal Desmognathus quadramaculatus by Pyron and Beamer (2022, Bionomina, 27: 1–43).
	*D. apalachicolae* Means and Karlin, 1989 — Apalachicola Dusky Salamander
	*D. aureatus* (Martof, 1956) — Southern Shovel-nosed Dusky Salamander
	*D. auriculatus* (Holbrook, 1838) — Holbrook's Southern Dusky Salamander
	*D. bairdi* Pyron and Beamer, 2023 — Sandhills Dusky Salamander New Species. Delimited from D. fuscus by Pyron and Beamer (2023, Zootaxa 5311: 451–504).
	*D. balsameus* Pyron and Beamer, 2022 — Great Balsams Mountain Dusky Salamander New Species. Delimited from D. ocoee by Pyron and Beamer (2022, Zootaxa 5190: 207–240).
	*D. brimleyorum* Stejneger, 1895 — Ouachita Dusky Salamander
	*D. campi* Pyron and Beamer, 2023 — Savannah Dusky Salamander New Species. Delimited from D. conanti by Pyron and Beamer (2023, Zootaxa 5311: 451–504).
	*D. carolinensis* (Dunn, 1916) — Carolina Mountain Dusky Salamander
	*D. catahoula* Pyron and Beamer, 2023 — Catahoula Dusky Salamander New Species. Delimited from D. conanti by Pyron and Beamer (2023, Zootaxa 5311: 451–504).
	*D. cheaha* Pyron, O'Connell, Duncan, Burbrink, and Beamer, 2023 — Talladega Seal Salamander New Species. Delimited from D. monticola by Pyron et al. (2023, Systematic Biology 72: 179–197).
	*D. conanti* Rossman, 1958 — Spotted Dusky Salamander Populations in the Ridge and Valley Physiographic Province of eastern Tennessee have a complex history of hybridization with nearby species (see Tilley et al., 2013, Ecology and Evolution 3: 2547–2567; Pyron et al., 2022, Ecology and Evolution 12: e8574).
	*D. folkertsi* Camp, Tilley, Austin, and Marshall, 2002 — Dwarf Black-bellied Salamander
	*D. fuscus* (Green, 1818) — Northern Dusky Salamander Molecular data suggest deep differentiation among populations that morphologically resemble D. fuscus and may represent multiple additional new species (see Pyron et al., 2022, Ecology and Evolution 12: e8574). Pyron and Beamer (2020, Zootaxa 4838: 221–247) showed that Green (1818), rather than Rafinesque (1820), is the correct taxonomic authority for this name, altering long-standing interpretations from previous literature.
	*D. gvnigeusgwotli* Pyron and Beamer, 2022 — Smoky Mountains Black-bellied Salamander New Species. Delimited from D. quadramaculatus by Pyron and Beamer (2022, Bionomina 27: 1–43).
	*D. imitator* Dunn, 1927 — Imitator Salamander
	*D. intermedius* (Pope, 1928) — Western Shovel-nosed Salamander Elevated from the synonymy of Desmognathus marmoratus by Beamer and Lamb (2020, Zootaxa, 4734: 1–61).
	*D. kanawha* Pyron and Beamer, 2022 — Kanawha Black-bellied Salamander New Species. Delimited from D. quadramaculatus by Pyron and Beamer (2022, Bionomina 27: 1–43).
	*D. lycos* Pyron and Beamer, 2023 — Wolf Dusky Salamander New Species. Delimited from D. conanti by Pyron and Beamer (2023, Zootaxa 5311: 451–504).
	*D. marmoratus* (Moore, 1899) — Northern Shovel-nosed Salamander Pyron and Beamer (2023, Zootaxa 5270: 262–280) revised the D. marmoratus complex and resurrected a previous Standard English Name (from Schmidt (1953, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois) for the nominotypical species to differentiate it from D. intermedius and D. aureatus.
	*D. mavrokoilius* Pyron and Beamer, 2022 — Pisgah Black-bellied Salamander New Species. Delimited from D. quadramaculatus by Pyron and Beamer (2022, Bionomina 27: 1–43).
	*D. monticola* Dunn, 1916 — Northern Seal Salamander The committee assigns a newly suggested Standard English Name for this species to differentiate it from the recently described D. cheaha.
	*D. ochrophaeus* Cope, 1859 — Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander
	*D. ocoee* Nicholls, 1949 — Ocoee Salamander This form consists of numerous parapatric units that occupy different mountain ranges in the southern Blue Ridge and Cumberland Plateau physiographic provinces (see Pyron and Beamer, 2022, Zootaxa, 5190: 207–240).
	*D. orestes* Tilley and Mahoney, 1996 — Blue Ridge Dusky Salamander This taxon consists of two genetically differentiated units that may represent cryptic species (Tilley and Mahoney, 1996, Herpetological Monographs 10: 1–42; Tilley, 1997, Journal of Heredity 88: 305–315; Highton, 2000, pages 215–241 in R. C. Bruce, B. G. Jaeger, and L. D. Houck [Editors], The Biology of Plethodontid Salamanders. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York).
	*D. organi* Crespi, Browne, and Rissler, 2010 — Northern Pygmy Salamander
	*D. pascagoula* Pyron, O'Connell, Lamb, and Beamer, 2022 — Pascagoula Dusky Salamander New Species. Delimited from D. valentinei by Pyron et al. (2022, Zootaxa 5133: 53–82).
	*D. perlapsus* Neill, 1950 — Chattooga Dusky Salamander Elevated from the synonymy of Desmognathus ocoee by Pyron and Beamer (2022, Zootaxa, 5190: 207–240).
	*D. planiceps* Newman, 1955 — Flat-headed Salamander
	*D. santeetlah* Tilley, 1981 — Santeetlah Dusky Salamander
	*D. tilleyi* Pyron and Beamer, 2023 — Max Patch Dusky Salamander New Species. Delimited from D. conanti by Pyron and Beamer (2023, Zootaxa 5311: 451–504).
	*D. valentinei* Means, Lamb, and Bernardo, 2017 — Valentine’s Southern Dusky Salamander New Species. Delimited from D. auriculatus by Means et al. (2017, Zootaxa 4263: 467–506).
	*D. valtos* Pyron and Beamer, 2022 — Carolina Swamp Dusky Salamander New Species. Delimited from D. auriculatus by Pyron and Beamer (2022, Zootaxa 5188: 587–595).
	*D. welteri* Barbour, 1950 — Black Mountain Salamander
	*D. wrighti* King, 1936 — Pygmy Salamander

Ensatina Gray, 1850 — Ensatinas

E. eschscholtzii Gray, 1850 — Ensatina

	*E. e. croceater* (Cope, 1868) — Yellow-blotched Ensatina
	*E. e. eschscholtzii* Gray, 1850 — Monterey Ensatina
	*E. e. klauberi* Dunn, 1929 — Large-blotched Ensatina
	*E. e. oregonensis* (Girard, 1856) — Oregon Ensatina
	*E. e. picta* Wood, 1940 — Painted Ensatina
	*E. e. platensis* (Jiménez de la Espada, 1875) — Sierra Nevada Ensatina Authority changed from (Espada, 1875).
	*E. e. xanthoptica* Stebbins, 1949 — Yellow-eyed Ensatina

Eurycea Rafinesque, 1822 — Brook Salamanders

E. aquatica Rose and Bush, 1963 — Brown-backed Salamander

E. arenicola Stuart, Beamer, Farrington, Beane, Chek, Pusser, Som, Stephan, Sever, and Braswell, 2020 — Carolina Sandhills Salamander

New Species. Delimited from E. bislineata by Stuart et al. (2020, Herpetologica 76: 423–444).

E. bislineata (Green, 1818) — Northern Two-lined Salamander

E. braggi (Smith, 1968) — Southern Grotto Salamander

Removed from the synonymy of E. spelaea by Phillips et al. (2017, Journal of Biogeography 44: 2463–2474) based on phylogenetic and clustering analysis of genome-scale data and population-level sampling from across the range of the nominal taxon. Standard English name "Southern Grotto Salamander" used by Raeffeli (2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World. Plumelec, France).

E. chamberlaini Harrison and Guttman, 2003 — Chamberlain's Dwarf Salamander

E. chisholmensis Chippindale, Price, Wiens, and Hillis, 2000 — Salado Salamander

E. cirrigera (Green, 1831) — Southern Two-lined Salamander

E. guttolineata (Holbrook, 1838) — Three-lined Salamander

E. hillisi Wray, Means, and Steppan, 2017 — Hillis’s Dwarf Salamander

New Species. Delimited from E. quadridigitata by Wray et al. (2017, Herpetological Monographs 31: 18–46).

E. junaluska Sever, Dundee, and Sullivan, 1976 — Junaluska Salamander

E. latitans Smith and Potter, 1946 — Cascade Caverns Salamander

Devitt et al. (2019, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 116: 2624–2633) placed E. tridentifera in the synonymy of E. latitans based on phylogenetic and clustering analysis of genome-scale data and population-level sampling from the type locality of both taxa.

E. longicauda (Green, 1818) — Long-tailed Salamander

	*E. l. longicauda* (Green, 1818) — Eastern Long-tailed Salamander
	*E. l. melanopleura* (Cope, 1894) — Dark-sided Salamander Raffaëlli (2022: Salamanders & Newts of the World. Plumelec, Penclen) recognized this taxon as a distinct species, but such a conclusion has not been evaluated using modern species-delimitation analyses. Consequently, we retain it as a subspecies here pending further evidence.

E. lucifuga Rafinesque, 1822 — Cave Salamander

E. multiplicata (Cope, 1869) — Many-ribbed Salamander

E. nana Bishop, 1941 — San Marcos Salamander

E. naufragia Chippindale, Price, Wiens, and Hillis, 2000 — Georgetown Salamander

E. neotenes Bishop and Wright, 1937 — Texas Salamander

Populations from the western portions of the Pedernales and Guadalupe drainages are currently recognized as this species but are referred to as “E. sp. 1” by Devitt et al. (2019, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 116: 2624–2633). There was no comment about this species in their “Taxonomic Implications” section.

E. nerea (Bishop, 1944) — Northern Grotto Salamander

Removed from the synonymy of E. spelaea by Phillips et al. (2017, Journal of Biogeography 44: 2463–2474) based on phylogenetic and clustering analysis of genome-scale data and population-level sampling from across the range of the nominal taxon. Standard English name "Northern Grotto Salamander" used by Raeffeli (2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World. Plumelec, France).

E. paludicola (Mittleman, 1947) — Western Dwarf Salamander

Removed from the synonymy of E. quadridigitata by Wray et al. (2017, Herpetological Monographs 31: 18–46 based on phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear data from population-level sampling across the range of the nominal taxon

E. pterophila Burger, Smith, and Potter, 1950 — Fern Bank Salamander

E. quadridigitata (Holbrook, 1842) — Dwarf Salamander

E. rathbuni (Stejneger, 1896) — Texas Blind Salamander

E. robusta (Longley, 1978) — Blanco Blind Salamander

E. sosorum Chippindale, Price, and Hillis, 1993 — Barton Springs Salamander

E. spelaea (Stejneger, 1892) — Western Grotto Salamander

Standard English name "Western Grotto Salamander" used by Raeffeli (2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World. Plumelec, France).

E. sphagnicola Wray, Means, and Steppan, 2017 — Bog Dwarf Salamander

New Species. Delimited from E. quadridigitata by Wray et al. (2017, Herpetological Monographs 31: 18–46).

E. subfluvicola Steffen, Irwin, Blair, and Bonett, 2014 — Ouachita Streambed Salamander

E. tonkawae Chippindale, Price, Wiens, and Hillis, 2000 — Jollyville Plateau Salamander

E. tridentifera Mitchell and Reddell, 1965 — Comal Blind Salamander

E. troglodytes Baker, 1957 — Valdina Farms Salamander

In reference to divergent populations of this species, Devitt et al. (2019, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116: 2624–2633) states "we recognize three species, two of them new." These species remain undescribed.

E. tynerensis Moore and Hughes, 1939 — Oklahoma Salamander

E. wallacei (Carr, 1939) — Georgia Blind Salamander

E. waterlooensis Hillis, Chamberlain, Wilcox, and Chippindale, 2001 — Austin Blind Salamander

E. wilderae Dunn, 1920 — Blue Ridge Two-lined Salamander

Gyrinophilus Cope, 1869 — Spring Salamanders

G. gulolineatus Brandon, 1965 — Berry Cave Salamander

G. palleucus McCrady, 1954 — Tennessee Cave Salamander

	*G. p. necturoides* Lazell and Brandon, 1962 — Big Mouth Cave Salamander
	*G. p. palleucus* McCrady, 1954 — Pale Salamander

G. porphyriticus (Green, 1827) — Spring Salamander

	*G. p. danielsi* (Blatchley, 1901) — Blue Ridge Spring Salamander
	*G. p. dunni* Mittleman and Jopson, 1941 — Carolina Spring Salamander
	*G. p. duryi* (Weller, 1930) — Kentucky Spring Salamander
	*G. p. porphyriticus* (Green, 1827) — Northern Spring Salamander

G. subterraneus Besharse and Holsinger, 1977 — West Virginia Spring Salamander

Genome-scale phylogenetic and clustering analyses conducted by Campbell Grant et al. (2022, Conservation Genetics 23: 727–744) revealed hybridization between G. subterraneus and G. porphyriticus. Moreover, the former was found to be nested within the latter, which they interpreted as an instance of sympatric speciation where paraphyly is to be expected.

Hemidactylium Tschudi, 1838 — Four-toed Salamanders

H. scutatum (Temminck, 1838) — Four-toed Salamander

Hydromantes Gistel, 1848 — Web-toed Salamanders

Bingham et al. (2018, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 161: 403–427) provided range-wide geographic sampling for mitochondrial and nuclear data to revise the taxonomy of this complex, which had previously been estimated as inadequate by Rovito (2010, Molecular Ecology 19: 4554–4571). They also reported newly discovered populations of the H. shastae complex to the west and south which have not been studied and the taxonomic status of these populations requires further study.

	*H. brunus* Gorman, 1954 — Limestone Salamander
	*H. platycephalus* (Camp, 1916) — Mount Lyell Salamander
	*H. samweli* Bingham, Papenfuss, Lindstrand, and Wake, 2018 — Samwel Shasta Salamander New Species. Delimited from H. shastae by Bingham et al. (2018, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 161: 403–427).
	*H. shastae* Gorman and Camp, 1953 — Shasta Salamander
	*H. wintu* Bingham, Papenfuss, Lindstrand, and Wake, 2018 — Wintu Shasta Salamander New Species. Delimited from H. shastae by Bingham et al. (2018, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 161: 403–427).

Phaeognathus Highton, 1961 — Red Hill Salamanders

P. hubrichti Highton, 1961 — Red Hills Salamander

Plethodon Tschudi, 1838 — Woodland Salamanders

	*P. ainsworthi* Lazell, 1998 — Bay Springs Salamander Folt et al. (2013, Herpetological Review 44: 283–286), Himes and Beckett (2013, Southeastern Naturalist 12: 851–856) and Pierson et al. (2020, Journal of Herpetology 54: 137–143) evaluated the scant available data regarding this taxon. We follow the latter in continuing to recognize it as valid and possibly extinct, but no compelling evidence supports this conclusion, and it is likely a nomen dubium.
	*P. albagula* Grobman, 1944 — Western Slimy Salamander
	*P. amplus* Highton and Peabody, 2000 — Blue Ridge Gray-cheeked Salamander
	*P. angusticlavius* Grobman, 1944 — Ozark Zigzag Salamander
	*P. asupak* Mead, Clayton, Nauman, Olson, and Pfrender, 2005 — Scott Bar Salamander
	*P. aureolus* Highton, 1984 — Tellico Salamander
	*P. caddoensis* Pope and Pope, 1951 — Caddo Mountain Salamander
	*P. chattahoochee* Highton, 1989 — Chattahoochee Slimy Salamander
	*P. cheoah* Highton and Peabody, 2000 — Cheoah Bald Salamander
	*P. chlorobryonis* Mittleman, 1951 — Atlantic Coast Slimy Salamander
	*P. cinereus* (Green, 1818) — Eastern Red-backed Salamander
	*P. cylindraceus* (Harlan, 1825) — White-Spotted Slimy Salamander
	*P. dixi* Pope and Fowler, 1949 — Dixie Caverns Salamander Elevated from the synonymy of Plethodon wehrlei by Kuchta et al. (2018, Zoologica Scripta 47: 285–299).
	*P. dorsalis* Cope, 1889 — Northern Zigzag Salamander
	*P. dunni* Bishop, 1934 — Dunn's Salamander
	*P. electromorphus* Highton, 1999 — Northern Ravine Salamander
	*P. elongatus* Van Denburgh, 1916 — Del Norte Salamander
	*P. fourchensis* Duncan and Highton, 1979 — Fourche Mountain Salamander
	*P. glutinosus* (Green, 1818) — Northern Slimy Salamander
	*P. grobmani* Allen and Neill, 1949 — Southeastern Slimy Salamander Joyce et al. (2019, Copeia 107: 701–707) used one mitochondrial and one nuclear gene to estimate phylogeographic lineage diversity of the P. glutinosus complex in Alabama and recommended synonymizing P. grobmani and P. mississippi with P. glutinosus. They further suggested recognizing only a single, widespread P. glutinosus, which would synonymize many species recognized here (see Highton et al., 1989, Illinois Biological Monograph (57): 1–153). Since they did not include rangewide sampling for these taxa, we continue to retain them pending additional data.
	*P. hoffmani* Highton, 1972 — Valley and Ridge Salamander
	*P. hubrichti* Thurow, 1957 — Peaks of Otter Salamander
	*P. idahoensis* Slater and Slipp, 1940 — Coeur d'Alene Salamander
	*P. jacksoni* Newman, 1954 — Blacksburg Salamander Elevated from the synonymy of Plethodon wehrlei by Felix et al. (2019, Zootaxa, 4609: 429–448).
	*P. jordani* Blatchley, 1901 — Red-cheeked Salamander
	*P. kentucki* Mittleman, 1951 — Cumberland Plateau Salamander
	*P. kiamichi* Highton, 1989 — Kiamichi Slimy Salamander
	*P. kisatchie* Highton, 1989 — Louisiana Slimy Salamander
	*P. larselli* Burns, 1954 — Larch Mountain Salamander
	*P. meridianus* Highton and Peabody, 2000 — South Mountain Gray-cheeked Salamander
	*P. metcalfi* Brimley, 1912 — Southern Gray-cheeked Salamander
	*P. mississippi* Highton, 1989 — Mississippi Slimy Salamander See note under P. grobmani.
	*P. montanus* Highton and Peabody, 2000 — Northern Gray-cheeked Salamander
	*P. neomexicanus* Stebbins and Riemer, 1950 — Jemez Mountains Salamander
	*P. nettingi* Green, 1938 — Cheat Mountain Salamander
	*P. ocmulgee* Highton, 1989 — Ocmulgee Slimy Salamander
	*P. ouachitae* Dunn and Heinze, 1933 — Rich Mountain Salamander
	*P. pauleyi* Felix, Wooten, Pierson, and Camp, 2019 — Yellow-spotted Woodland Salamander New Species. Delimited from P. wehrlei by Felix et al. (2019, Zootaxa 4609: 429–448).
	*P. petraeus* Wynn, Highton, and Jacobs, 1988 — Pigeon Mountain Salamander
	*P. punctatus* Highton, 1972 — Cow Knob Salamander
	*P. richmondi* Netting and Mittleman, 1938 — Southern Ravine Salamander
	*P. savannah* Highton, 1989 — Savannah Slimy Salamander
	*P. sequoyah* Highton, 1989 — Sequoyah Slimy Salamander
	*P. serratus* Grobman, 1944 — Southern Red-backed Salamander
	*P. shenandoah* Highton and Worthington, 1967 — Shenandoah Salamander
	*P. sherando* Highton, 2004 — Big Levels Salamander
	*P. shermani* Stejneger, 1906 — Red-legged Salamander
	*P. stormi* Highton and Brame, 1965 — Siskiyou Mountains Salamander
	*P. teyahalee* Hairston, 1950 — Southern Appalachian Salamander
	*P. vandykei* Van Denburgh, 1906 — Van Dyke's Salamander
	*P. variolatus* (Gilliams, 1818) — South Carolina Slimy Salamander
	*P. vehiculum* (Cooper, 1860) — Western Red-backed Salamander
	*P. ventralis* Highton, 1997 — Southern Zigzag Salamander
	*P. virginia* Highton, 1999 — Shenandoah Mountain Salamander
	*P. websteri* Highton, 1979 — Webster's Salamander
	*P. wehrlei* Fowler and Dunn, 1917 — Wehrle's Salamander
	*P. welleri* Walker, 1931 — Weller's Salamander
	*P. yonahlossee* Dunn, 1917 — Yonahlossee Salamander

Pseudotriton Tschudi, 1838 — Red and Mud Salamanders

P. montanus Baird, 1850 — Mud Salamander

	*P. m. diastictus* Bishop, 1941 — Midland Mud Salamander This taxon was elevated to a full species by Collins (1991, Herpetological Review 22: 42–43). This was followed by Dubois and Raffaëlli (2012, Alytes 28: 77–161) and Raffaëlli (2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World. Plumelec, Penclen). We retain it as a subspecies pending additional data and analyses.
	*P. m. flavissimus* Hallowell, 1856 — Gulf Coast Mud Salamander Dubois and Raffaëlli (2012, Alytes 28: 77–161) consider this taxon a full species, and Raffaëlli (2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World. Plumelec, Penclen) treats it as a full species, including two subspecies, flavissimus and floridanus. We retain it as a subspecies pending additional data and analyses.
	*P. m. floridanus* Netting and Goin, 1942 — Rusty Mud Salamander
	*P. m. montanus* Baird, 1850 — Eastern Mud Salamander

P. ruber (Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801) — Red Salamander

	*P. r. nitidus* Dunn, 1920 — Blue Ridge Red Salamander
	*P. r. ruber* (Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801) — Northern Red Salamander
	*P. r. schencki* (Brimley, 1912) — Black-chinned Red Salamander
	*P. r. vioscai* Bishop, 1928 — Southern Red Salamander

Stereochilus Cope, 1869 — Many-lined Salamanders

S. marginatus (Hallowell, 1856) — Many-lined Salamander

Urspelerpes Camp, Peterman, Milanovich, Lamb, Maerz, and Wake, 2009 — Patch-nosed Salamanders

U. brucei Camp, Peterman, Milanovich, Lamb, Maerz, and Wake, 2009 — Patch-nosed Salamander

Proteidae Gray, 1825 — Mudpuppys and Olms

Necturus Rafinesque, 1819 — Waterdogs and Mudpuppies

The status of N. lodingi Viosca, 1937 and several other cryptic lineages require additional data to resolve, according to Guyer et al. (2020, Journal of Natural History. London 54: 15–51). We follow them in considering N. lodingi a synonym of N. beyeri for the time being.

	*N. alabamensis* Viosca, 1937 — Black Warrior River Waterdog
	*N. beyeri* Viosca, 1937 — Gulf Coast Waterdog
	*N. lewisi* Brimley, 1924 — Neuse River Waterdog
	*N. louisianensis* Viosca, 1938 — Red River Mudpuppy This taxon was treated as a full species by Chabarria et al. (2018, Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 56: 352–363), elevating it from a subspecies of N. maculosus.
	*N. maculosus* (Rafinesque, 1818) — Mudpuppy Nelson et al. (2017, Journal of Herpetology 51: 559–566) presented evidence that waterdogs from an area in the Hiwassee drainage that have historically been considered N. maculosus represent at least two species, one of which is sister to N. lewisi.
	*N. moleri* Guyer, Murray, Bart, Crother, Chabarria, Bailey, and Dunn, 2020 — Apalachicola Waterdog New Species. Delimited from N. punctatus by Guyer et al. (2020, Journal of Natural History 54: 15–51).
	*N. mounti* Guyer, Murray, Bart, Crother, Chabarria, Bailey, and Dunn, 2020 — Escambia Waterdog New Species. Delimited from N. punctatus by Guyer et al. (2020, Journal of Natural History 54: 15–51).
	*N. punctatus* (Gibbes, 1850) — Dwarf Waterdog

Rhyacotritonidae Tihen, 1958 — Torrent Salamanders

Rhyacotriton Dunn, 1920 — Torrent Salamanders

	*R. cascadae* Good and Wake, 1992 — Cascade Torrent Salamander
	*R. kezeri* Good and Wake, 1992 — Columbia Torrent Salamander
	*R. olympicus* (Gaige, 1917) —